Diseases, symptoms and syndromes

• Abasia - the inability to walk.
• Acalculia - loss of the ability to perform simple calculations, typically resulting from disease or injury of the parietal lobe of the brain.
• Acatagraphia - incorrect placement of the words when writing.
• Acataphasia - violation of the correct arrangement of words during a conversation.
• Acauria - molestation, obsession, importunity.
• Accomodation (accomodatio) - the ability of the eye to change the focal length by contracting and relaxing the ciliary muscle of the eyeball.
• Acheirokinesis - poverty movements, and lack of swinging of the arms when walking.
• Acoasma - auditory hallucinations in the form of noise, thunder, ringing, etc.
• Acrodynia - pain in the extremities (erythredema, trophodermatoneurosis, Selter's disease and other synonyms)
• Acromegaly - excessive disproportionate enlargement of the limbs, jaws, lips, tongue and other parts of the body; abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face, caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland.
• Acroparesthesia - a violation of sensitivity in the distal parts of the extremities (attacks of tingling sensations, cold, running goosebumps, etc.).
• Acusmatampesia (асusmаtаmnеsis) - inability to remember words.
• Adduction (adductio) - the movement of a limb or other part towards the midline of the body or towards another part.
• Adhesion (adllaesio) - an abnormal adhering of surfaces due to inflammation or injury.
• Adiadochokinesis - violation of the correct alternation of opposite movements (flexion and extension, supination and pronation).
• Affect (affectus) - emotional excitement, passion, excitement with the loss of volitional control.
• Agenesis - the congenital absence or underdevelopment of an organ (part of it) or part of the body (aplasia).
• Ageusia - lack of taste sensations.
• Agnosia - inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things, typically as a result of brain damage.
• Agraphia - inability to write, as a language disorder resulting from brain damage.
• Akinesia - the absence of voluntary movements; loss or impairment of the power of voluntary movement.
• Alalia - motor and sensory speech disorders in children.
• Alexia - loss of the ability to read; inability to recognize or read written words or letters, typically as a result of brain damage.
• Allochiria - perception of a sensation at a symmetrical point in the other half of the body.
• Alteration (alteratio) - changes in the structure of cells, tissues and organs, accompanied by a violation of their vital activity.
• Ambivalence (ambivalentio) - the opposite assessment of the same phenomenon or fact; the state of having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone.
• Amentia - nonsense, confusion of consciousness with hallucinations; amentia is a severe congenital mental disability.
• Amnesia - a partial or total loss or weakening of memory (see Traumatic brain injury).
• Analgesia - loss of pain sensitivity, pain relief (see Therapeutic injections); the inability to feel pain.
• Anaplasia - is a change in the biological properties of cells, a decrease in their differentiation and a weakening of their relationships in the body; the loss of the mature or specialized features of a cell or tissue, as in malignant tumors.
• Anarthria - impaired speech, modulation of sounds.
• Anorexia Nervosa (anorexia) - lack of appetite; lack or loss of appetite for food (as a medical condition).
• Anosognosia - denial or lack of consciousness of one's physical defect.
• Apathy (apathia) - indifference, indifference, lack of emotions and interests; lack of enthusiasm, or concern.
• Aphasia (aphasia) - impaired perception and reproduction of speech; inability (or impaired ability) to understand or produce speech, as a result of brain damage.
• Aphonia - the absence or soundlessness of the voice; inability to speak through disease of or damage to the larynx or mouth.
• Apituitarism (apituitarisis) - the absence of a cerebral appendage of the pituitary gland; the lack of a pituitary, or the loss of its function.
• Apoplexy (apoplexia) - sudden stroke, paralysis (cerebral hemorrhage); unconsciousness or incapacity resulting from a cerebral haemorrhage or stroke.
• Apopsychia - a fainting state.
• Apraxia - loss of skills and appropriate habitual actions; inability to perform particular purposive actions, as a result of brain damage.
• Arthrogryposis - multiple congenital contracture limb joints.
• Astasia (asthasia) - loss of balance and ability to stand.
• Astereognosis - tactile (touch) agnosia. Asthenia (asthenia) - physical and mental weakness or exhaustion; abnormal physical weakness or lack of energy.
• Asymbolia - is a violation of perception and understanding of conventional symbols and signs (facial expressions, gestures, writing, etc.).
• Asynergia - the inability to combine simple movements in the motor act, the disappearance friendly movements.
• Ataxia - disorder of coherence and coordination of voluntary movements; the loss of full control of bodily movements.
• Athetosis - worm-like involuntary movements (muscle contractions) mainly of the fingers and toes; a condition in which abnormal muscle contraction causes involuntary writhing movements; it affects some people with cerebral palsy, impairing speech and use of the hands.
• Atimia (athymia) - despondency, gloomy mood.
• Aura - a precursor to an epileptic seizure; a warning sensation experienced before an attack of epilepsy or migraine.
• Autism (autismus) - immersion in oneself and isolation from the outside world; a developmental disorder of variable severity that is characterized by difficulty in social interaction and communication and by restricted or repetitive patterns of thought and behavior.
• Autopoagnosia - impaired orientation in your own body.

• Batianesthesia (battianaesthesia) - loss of muscular-articular (deep types of sensitivity) feelings.
• Blepharospasm (blepharospasmus) - convulsions of the circular muscle of the eye; involuntary tight closure of the eyelids.
• Brachycephaly (brachykephalia) - short-headedness or a special shape of the head with a relatively weak development of the longitudinal diameter and a large diameter.
• Bradykinesia - slowing down the pace of any type of movement: walking - bradybasia, actions - bradypraxia, speech - bradyphasia, mental processes - bradyphrenia (see Parkinson's disease).

• Catalepsy - numbness and freezing in a certain position, waxy flexibility; a medical condition characterized by a trance or seizure with a loss of sensation and consciousness accompanied by rigidity of the body.
• Cataplexy (cataplexia) - a sudden drop in muscle tone; a medical condition in which strong emotion or laughter causes a person to suffer sudden physical collapse though remaining conscious.
• Catatonia (catatonia) - is a violation of voluntary movements, a kind of muscle contraction in schizophrenia; a state of immobility and stupor; abnormality of movement and behaviour arising from a disturbed mental state.
• Confabulation (сonfаbulatio) - wishful thinking, fiction to fill in the gaps in memory.
• Convergence - movement of the eyes towards each other, in which the gaze will focus on the bridge of the nose.
• Coprolalia - the desire to shout swear words; the involuntary and repetitive use of obscene language, as a symptom of mental illness or organic brain disease.
• Cryptomnesia - deceptions of memory, when they do not distinguish someone else's, read or heard in memories from their own data.

• Dactylalgia (dactilalgia) - pain in the fingers.
• Dementia - a chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning.
• Demissia (demissia) - despondency, discouragement.
• Dolichocephaly (dolichocephalia) - long head, the predominance of the longitudinal diameter of the cerebral skull over the transverse.
• Dormitation (dormitatio) - drowsiness.
• Dysaesthesia - a perverted perception of irritations (touch is felt as pain, cold as warmth, etc.); an abnormal unpleasant sensation felt when touched, caused by damage to peripheral nerves.
• Dysarthria - blurred speech; difficult or unclear articulation of speech that is otherwise linguistically normal.
• Dysgeusia - a subjective disorder of taste (perversion of it).
• Dysmnesia - memory disorder (combination of weakening of the ability to memorize with impairment of the functions of preserving and reproducing memory material).
• Dysostosis - a violation of the development of the skeletal system.
• Dysphoria - mood instability; a state of unease or generalized dissatisfaction with life.
• Dysplasia - an abnormal physique; the abnormal growth or development of a tissue or organ;
• Dysthymia – depression; persistent mild depression.

Ear Click - see Palatal Myoclonus; Tinnitus

"Face-Hand Test" - see “Arm Drop”

• Gargoilism (gаrgouilles) - a bizarre face, dwarf growth, large head, mental retardation.
• Glossodynia - neuralgia of the tongue.
• Gonocrania - impotence, impotence.

• Hemianesthesia - impaired sensitivity in one half of the body.
• Hemianopsia - half loss of the visual field; blindness over half the field of vision.
• Hemiballismus - rough in the form of a throw hyperkinesis of the limbs of one side.
• Hemiparesis - incomplete paralysis of half of the body; another term for hemiplegia.
• Hemiplegia (hemiplegia) - paralysis (loss of movement) of half of the body; paralysis of one side of the body resulting from a stroke. Hemiprasaplegia (hemiprasaplegia) - paralysis of half of the face.
• Herpes (zoster, simplex) - a virus that infects the membranes of the nerve root and manifests itself in the form of a rash of vesicles with soreness (see Neuralgia); any of a group of virus diseases caused by herpesviruses, affecting the skin (often with blisters) or the nervous system.
• Hirsutism (hyrsutismus) - early development with disorders in the genital area, obesity and hypertrichosis in women; abnormal growth of hair on a woman's face and body.
• Hyperesthesia - increased painful skin sensitivity; excessive physical sensitivity, especially of the skin.
• Hyperkinesis - various involuntary movements; muscle spasm; a disorder of children marked by hyperactivity and inability to concentrate.
• Hyperpathy (hyperpathia) - perversion of sensitivity.
• Hypersomnia (huregsamnia) - attacks of pathological drowsiness.
• Hypesthesia (hypaesthesia) - a decrease in sensitivity; a diminished capacity for physical sensation, especially of the skin.
• Hypochondria - low mood, excessive fixation and exaggeration of their painful sensations; abnormal chronic anxiety about one's health.
• Hypokinesia - insufficient physical activity, poor movement.
• Hypomnesia - weakening of memory.
• Hysteria - a kind of neurosis; exaggerated or uncontrollable emotion or excitement; an old-fashioned term for a psychological disorder characterized by conversion of psychological stress into physical symptoms (somatization).

• Idiotia - complete mental underdevelopment.
• Imbecility (imbесillitаs) - average degree (between idiot and debility) mental retardation. Insanity - extreme physical and mental (moral) depletion or impotence; the state of being seriously mentally ill; madness; extreme foolishness or irrationality.
• Ischemia - a decrease in the volume of blood flow in organs or tissues of a living organism (see stroke, TIA); an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.

Jacksonian March

Kayser-Fleischer Rings

• Lagophthalmus - incomplete closure of the palpebral fissure.
• Lalopathy - difficulty speaking.
• Logoclonus - repetition of a sound or syllable at the end of a word (spasm of speech muscles).
• Logorrhoea – verbosity; a tendency to extreme loquacity.

• Macroheilia - an increase in the size of the lips.
• Mania - painful attraction, madness, passion; mental illness marked by periods of great excitement or euphoria, delusions, and overactivity.
• Marasmus - extreme physical and mental (moral) exhaustion or impotence; undernourishment causing a child's weight to be significantly low for their age.
• Melancholy - depressed mental and emotional sphere; a feeling of pensive sadness.
• Metaplasia - is a persistent change in the type of tissue caused by a change in its functional and morphological differentiation under the influence of various stimuli.
• Minimally invasive - a method of diagnosis and surgical treatment with the minimum amount of trauma inflicted.
• Mogiagraphy - writing spasm.
• Monoplegia - paralysis of the limb; paralysis restricted to one limb or region of the body.
• Mutism - speechlessness in mental illnesses; inability to speak, typically as a result of congenital deafness or brain damage.
• Myoclonus - fast muscle twitching; spasmodic jerky contraction of groups of muscles.

• Narcolepsy (nagsolesia) - bouts of drowsiness at any time of the day; neurological disorder that affects your ability to wake and sleep.
• Neurology - is a branch of medicine that studies the structure and function of the nervous system in health and disease, the patterns of its development.
• Neuropathy - is damage or dysfunction of one or more nerves that typically results in numbness, tingling, muscle weakness and pain in the affected area.
• Neurosurgery - is a branch of medicine that studies nervous diseases, the treatment of which is carried out mainly by surgical methods.
• Nyctophobia - fear of the dark.
• Nystagmus - involuntary rapid rhythmic movements of the eyeballs; a vision condition in which the eyes make repetitive, uncontrolled movements.

• Oligokinesia - poverty of movement.
• Oligophasia - a low use of words due to memory loss.
• Ophthalmoplegia - loss of the function of the oculomotor muscles; paralysis or weakness of the eye muscles.
• Osteochondrosis - is a group of predominantly inflammatory diseases of the subchondral region of the long bones and apophyses of the short bones of the skeleton, resulting from a specific or (less often) nonspecific infection of the bones and joints.
• Osteoporosis - is a rarefaction of the cancellous and cortical layers of the bone due to partial resorption of the bone substance; a health condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break.

• Palilalia - constant repetition of one word or phrase; repetition of the speaker's words or phrases, often for a varying number of repeats.
• Parageusia - a perversion of taste.
• Parakinesis - involuntary complexly coordinated motor acts in the form of natural movements; incorporation of a choreic or involuntary movement into a voluntary one.
• Paralysis, plegia - absence of voluntary movements; loss of muscle function in part of your body.
• Paramnesia - memory disorder with inability to distinguish actual from fiction.
• Paraphasia - distortion of words and phrases; speech disturbance resulting from brain damage in which words are jumbled and sentences meaningless.
• Paresis - is a weakening of voluntary muscle movements; a condition of muscular weakness caused by nerve damage or disease; partial paralysis.
• Paresthesia - false sensations (numbness, tingling, insect crawling, etc.); an abnormal sensation, typically tingling or pricking (‘pins and needles’), caused chiefly by pressure on or damage to peripheral nerves.
• Parosmia - olfactory hallucinations; abnormality in the sense of smell.
• Perseveration - repetition of what has been said.
• Perversion - distortion or corruption of the original course, meaning, or state of something; sexual behavior that is considered abnormal and unacceptable.
• Poikilothymia - long cycles of mood swings.
• Porencephaly (porencephalia) - one of the malformations of the brain; rare congenital disorder that results in cystic degeneration and encephalomalacia and the formation of porencephalic cysts.
• Progeria - premature aging; a rare syndrome in children characterized by physical symptoms suggestive of premature old age.
• Propulsion - tendency to fall forward; the action of driving or pushing forwards.
• Prosopalgia - pain in the face; severe, paroxysmal bursts of pain in one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve.
• Psychotherapy - is a complex therapeutic effect on emotions, judgments and self-awareness of a person with the aim of psychological assistance and psychological correction of the psyche of people with mental disorders.
• Ptyalismus - abnormal proliferation of saliva; salivation.
• Pyknolepsy - frequent short-term seizures; refers to a syndrome of typical absence seizures (both simple and complex) in otherwise normal, prepubertal children older than about 3 to 5 years.

Quadrantanopia

• Receptor - special sensitive formations that perceive and transform stimuli from the external or internal environment of the body and transmit information about the acting agent to the nervous system.
• Reflex - the body's reactions caused by the central nervous system when the receptors are irritated by agents of the internal or external environment.
• Regeneration - is the restoration of lost or damaged organs and tissues by the body, as well as the restoration of the whole organism from its parts.
• Retention (retentio) – delay; the continued possession, use, or control of something.
• Rigidity - stiffness, numbness, tension; inability to be to bent or be forced out of shape.

• Senestopathy - is a violation of sensitivity in the form of vague, diffuse and unpleasant sensations (contraction, transfusion, tingling, crawling under the skin, etc.).
• Somnambulism – sleepwalking or noctambulism, is a phenomenon of combined sleep and wakefulness.
• Stereognosis - the impossibility of identifying objects by touch.
• Symptom - sign of the disease; a physical or mental feature which is regarded as indicating a condition of disease.
• Syndactyly - congenital fusion of the fingers.
• Syndrome - a certain combination of signs of the disease (see Symptom), due to a single beginning.
• Synergy - friendly actions; the interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations or substances to produce a combined effect.
• Synesthesia - irradiation of irritation to the opposite side in the same dermatome.
• Synkinesia - friendly movements; voluntary muscle movement causes the simultaneous involuntary contraction of other muscles.

• Torticollis - a condition in which the head becomes persistently turned to one side, often associated with painful muscle spasms.
• Tremor - involuntary vibrational movements of the whole body or its individual parts; a rhythmic shaking movement (see Parkinson's disease).
• Trismus (trismus) - tonic spasm of the chewing muscles; spasm of the jaw muscles, causing the mouth to remain tightly closed.

• Undulation (undulatio) - the action of moving smoothly up and down.

• Verbigeration (verbigeratia) - incoherent heap of one word on another.
• Vertigo – dizziness, giddiness; a sensation of whirling and loss of balance, caused by disease affecting the inner ear or the vestibular nerve.

Waddling Gait

Xanthopsia

Yawning

Zooagnosia