Neostigmine

What is Neostigmine and how is it used?

Neostigmine is a prescription medicine used to treat the symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis, Reversal of Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blockade and Post-Op Distention or Urinary Retention. Neostigmine may be used alone or with other medications.

Neostigmine belongs to a class of drugs called Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors, Peripheral.

What are the possible side effects of Neostigmine?

Neostigmine may cause serious side effects including:

• hives,
• difficulty breathing,
• swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat,
• new or increased muscle cramps, weakness, or twitching,
• new or increased difficulty swallowing,
• slow, fast or irregular heartbeat,
• dizziness,
• shortness of breath,
• headache, and
• seizures

Get medical help right away, if you have any of the symptoms listed above.

The most common side effects of Neostigmine include:

• nausea,
• vomiting,
• diarrhea,
• abdominal cramps,
• increased saliva or mucus,
• decreased pupil size,
• increased urination, and
• increased sweating

Tell the doctor if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.

These are not all the possible side effects of Neostigmine. For more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

DESCRIPTION

Neostigmine Methylsulfate Injection, USP is the dimethylcarbamate of (m-hydroxyphenyl) trimethylammonium methylsulfate.

The structural formula is:

C₁₃H₂₂N₂O₆S............................Molecular Weight 334.40

Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) , an anticholinesterase agent, is a bitter tasting, white crystalline powder and is very soluble in water and soluble in alcohol. Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) Injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution intended for intramuscular, subcutaneous or slow intravenous use.

Each mL of the 1:1000 concentration contains Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) 1 mg, Methylparaben 1.8 mg and Propylparaben 0.2 mg (used as preservatives), in Water for Injection q.s.pH (range 5.0 - 6.5) adjusted, when necessary, with Sodium Hydroxide.

Each mL of the 1:2000 concentration contains Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) 0.5 mg, Methylparaben 1.8 mg and Propylparaben 0.2 mg (used as preservatives), in Water for Injection q.s.pH (range 5.0 - 6.5) adjusted, when necessary, with Sodium Hydroxide.

INDICATIONS

Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) Injection, USP is indicated for:

- the symptomatic control of myasthenia gravis when oral therapy is impractical.
- the prevention and treatment of postoperative distention and urinary retention after mechanical obstruction has been excluded.
- reversal of effects of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (e.g., tubocurarine, metocurine, gallamine or pancuronium) after surgery.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Symptomatic control of myasthenia gravis: One mL of the 1:2000 solution (0.5 mg) subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Subsequent doses should be based on the individual patient's response.In most patients, however, oral treatment with Neostigmine Bromide tablets, 15 mg each, is adequate for control of symptoms.

Prevention of postoperative distention and urinary retention: 0.25 mg subcutaneously or intramuscularly as soon as possible after operation;repeat every 4 to 6 hours for two or three days.

Treatment of postoperative distention: One mL of the 1:2000 solution (0.5 mg) subcutaneously or intramuscularly, as required.

Treatment of urinary retention: One mL of the 1:2000 solution (0.5 mg) subcutaneously or intramuscularly. If urination does not occur within an hour, the patient should be catheterized.After the patient has voided, or the bladder has been emptied, continue the 0.5 mg injections every three hours for at least 5 injections.

Reversal of Effects of Non-depolarizing Blocking Agents: When Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) Injection, USP is administered intravenously, it is recommended that Atropine Sulfate (0.6 to 1.2 mg) also be given intravenously using separate syringes.Some authorities have recommended that the Atropine be injected several minutes before the Neostigmine rather than concomitantly. The usual dose is 0.5 to 2 mg Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) Injection, USP given by slow intravenous injection, repeated as required.Only in exceptional cases should the total dose of Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) exceed 5 mg.It is recommended that the patient be well ventilated and a patent airway maintained until complete recovery of normal respiration is assured.The optimum time for administration of the drug is during hyperventilation when the carbon dioxide level of the blood is low. It should never be administered in the presence of high concentrations of halothane or cyclopropane.In cardiac cases and severely ill patients, it is advisable to titrate the exact dose of Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) required, using a peripheral nerve stimulator device.In the presence of bradycardia, the pulse rate should be increased to about 80/minute with Atropine before administering Neostigmine.

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.

HOW SUPPLIED

Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) Injection, USP 1:1000 (1 mg/mL)

NDC 0517-0033-25...............10 mL Multiple Dose Vials.............boxes of 25

Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) Injection, USP 1:2000 (0.5 mg/mL)

NDC 0517-0034-25...............10 mL Multiple Dose Vials. ...........boxes of 25

Store at controlled room temperature 15°-30°C (59°-86°F) (See USP). Protect from light.Store in carton until time of use.

AMERICAN REGENT LABORATORIES INC., SHIRELY, NY 11967. Rev.9/02. FDA Rev date: n/a

SIDE EFFECTS

Side effects are generally due to an exaggeration of pharmacological effects of which salivation and fasciculation are the most common.Bowel cramps and diarrhea may also occur.

The following additional adverse reactions have been reported following the use of either Neostigmine Bromide or Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) .

Allergic: Allergic reactions and anaphylaxis.

Neurologic: Dizziness, convulsions, loss of consciousness, drowsiness, headache, dysarthria, miosis and visual changes.

Cardiovascular: Cardiac arrhythmias (including bradycardia, tachycardia, A-V block and nodal rhythm) and nonspecific EKG changes have been reported, as well as cardiac arrest, syncope and hypotension.These have been predominantly noted following the use of the injectable form of Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) .

Respiratory: Increased oral, pharyngeal and bronchial secretions, dyspnea, respiratory depression, respiratory arrest and bronchospasm.

Dermatologic: Rash and urticaria.

Gastrointestinal: Nausea, emesis, flatulence and increased peristalsis.

Genitourinary: Urinary frequency.

Musculoskeletal: Muscle cramps and spasms, arthralgia.

Miscellaneous: Diaphoresis, flushing and weakness.

DRUG INTERACTIONS

Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) Injection, USP does not antagonize, and may in fact prolong, the Phase 1 block of depolarizing muscle relaxants such as succinylcholine or decamethonium. Certain antibiotics, especially neomycin, streptomycin and kanamycin, have a mild but definite non-depolarizing blocking action which may accentuate neuromuscular block.These antibiotics should be used in the myasthenic patient only where definitely indicated, and then careful adjustment should be made of the anticholinesterase dosage. Local and some general anesthetics, antiarrhythmic agents and other drugs that interfere with neuromuscular transmission should be used cautiously, if at all, in patients with myasthenia gravis;the dose of Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) may have to be increased accordingly.

WARNINGS

Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) Injection, USP should be used with caution in patients with epilepsy, bronchial asthma, bradycardia, recent coronary occlusion, vagotonia, hyperthyroidism, cardiac arrhythmias or peptic ulcer.When large doses of Neostigmine are administered, the prior or simultaneous injection of Atropine Sulfate may be advisable.Separate syringes should be used for the Neostigmine and Atropine.Because of the possibility of hypersensitivity in an occasional patient, Atropine and anti-shock medication should always be readily available.

PRECAUTIONS

General

It is important to differentiate between myasthenic crisis and cholinergic crisis caused by overdosage of Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) .Both conditions result in extreme muscle weakness but require radically different treatment (see OVERDOSE).

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis and Impairment of Fertility

There have been no studies with Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) which would permit an evaluation of its carcinogenic or mutagenic potential. Studies on the effect of Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) on fertility and reproduction have not been performed.

Pregnancy

Teratogenic Effects

Pregnancy Category C.There are no adequate or well-controlled studies of Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) in either laboratory animals or in pregnant women.It is not known whether Neostigmine can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproductive capacity. Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) Injection, USP should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.

Nonteratogenic Effects

Anticholinesterase drugs may cause uterine irritability and induce premature labor when given intravenously to pregnant women near term.

Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) is excreted in human milk.Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions from Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) in nursing infants, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established.

OVERDOSE

Overdosage of Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) can cause cholinergic crisis, which is characterized by increasing muscle weakness, and through involvement of the muscles of respiration, may result in death. Myasthenic crisis, due to an increase in the severity of the disease, is also accompanied by extreme muscle weakness and may be difficult to distinguish from cholinergic crisis on a symptomatic basis. However, such differentiation is extremely important because increases in the dose of Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) or other drugs in this class, in the presence of cholinergic crisis or of a refractory or "insensitive" state, could have grave consequences.The two types of crises may be differentiated by the use of edrophonium chlorideŠas well as by clinical judgement.

Treatment of the two conditions differs radically.Whereas the presence of myasthenic crisis requires more intensive anticholinesterase therapy, cholinergic crisis calls for the prompt withdrawal of all drugs of this type.The immediate use of Atropine in cholinergic crisis is also recommended.

Atropine may also be used to abolish or minimize gastrointestinal side effects or other muscarinic reactions;but such use, by masking signs of overdosage, can lead to inadvertent induction of cholinergic crisis.

The LD₅₀ of Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) in mice is 0.3 ± 0.02 mg/kg intravenously, 0.54 ± 0.03 mg/kg subcutaneously and 0.395 ± 0.025 mg/kg intramuscularly; in rats the LD₅₀ is 0.315 ± 0.019 mg/kg intravenously, 0.445 ± 0.032 mg/kg subcutaneously and 0.423 ± 0.032 mg/kg intramuscularly.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Neostigmine Methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate (neostigmine methylsulfate injection) injection) Injection, USP is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug. It is also contraindicated in patients with peritonitis or mechanical obstruction of the intestinal or urinary tract.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Neostigmine inhibits the hydrolysis of acetylcholine by competing with acetylcholine for attachment to acetylcholinesterase at sites of cholinergic transmission.It enhances cholinergic action by facilitating the transmission of impulses across neuromuscular junctions. It also has a direct cholinomimetic effect on skeletal muscle and possibly on autonomic ganglion cells and neurons of the central nervous system. Neostigmine undergoes hydrolysis by cholinesterase and is also metabolized by microsomal enzymes in the liver.Protein binding to human serum albumin ranges from 15 to 25 percent.

Following intramuscular administration, Neostigmine is rapidly absorbed and eliminated.In a study of five patients with myasthenia gravis, peak plasma levels were observed at 30 minutes, and the half-life ranged from 51 to 90 minutes. Approximately 80 percent of the drug was eliminated in urine within 24 hours; approximately 50% as the unchanged drug and 30 percent as metabolites. Following intravenous administration, plasma half-life ranges from 47 to 60 minutes have been reported with a mean half-life of 53 minutes.

The clinical effects of Neostigmine usually begin within 20 to 30 minutes after intramuscular injection and last from 2.5 to 4 hours.

PATIENT INFORMATION

No information provided. Please refer to the WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS sections.