Vimpat Generic Name: lacosamide tablet and injection Brand Name: Vimpat side effects drug center vimpat (lacosamide tablet and injection) drug Related Drugs Ativan Depakene Depakote ER Depakote Sprinkle Capsules Diamox Sequels Diastat Acudial Felbatol Fintepla Keppra Keppra Injection Keppra XR Klonopin Lyrica Nayzilam Neurontin Peganone Seizalam Sesquient Spritam Topamax Tranxene Valtoco Health Resources Seizure (Epilepsy) Seizures Symptoms and Types Related Supplements N-Acetyl Cysteine Vimpat User Reviews PROFESSIONAL CONSUMER SIDE EFFECTS Contents Drug Description Indications & Dosage Side Effects Drug Interactions Warnings & Precautions Overdosage & Contraindications Clinical Pharmacology Medication Guide Drug Description What is Vimpat and how is it used?Vimpat is a prescription medicine used to treat the symptoms of Partial Onset Seizures. Vimpat may be used alone or with other medications.Vimpat belongs to a class of drugs called Anticonvulsants, Other.It is not known if Vimpat is safe and effective in children younger than 4 years of age.What are the possible side effects of Vimpat?Vimpat may cause serious side effects including:skin rash,fever,swollen glands,muscle aches,severe weakness,unusual bruising,yellowing of your skin or eyes (jaundice),mood or behavior changes,depression,anxiety,panic attacks,trouble sleeping,impulsive behavior,irritableness,agitation,hostile or aggressive behavior,restlessness,hyperactive (mentally or physically),thoughts of suicide,lightheadedness,severe dizziness,problems with your balance or muscle movement,chest pain,shortness of breath,fast or pounding heartbeats,very slow heartbeats, anddark urineGet medical help right away if you have any of the symptoms listed above.The most common side effects of Vimpat include:headache,dizziness,double vision, andnauseaTell the doctor if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.These are not all the possible side effects of Vimpat. For more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist.Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. DESCRIPTIONThe chemical name of lacosamide, the single (R)-enantiomer, is (R)-2-acetamido-N-benzyl-3- methoxypropionamide (IUPAC). Lacosamide is a functionalized amino acid. Its molecular formula is C13H18N2O3 and its molecular weight is 250.30. The chemical structure is:Lacosamide is a white to light yellow powder. It is sparingly soluble in water and slightly soluble in acetonitrile and ethanol.VIMPAT TabletsVIMPAT tablets for oral administration contain lacosamide and the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, talc, titanium dioxide, and dye pigments as specified below: VIMPAT tablets are supplied as debossed tablets and contain the following coloring agents:50 mg tablets: red iron oxide, black iron oxide, FD&C Blue #2/indigo carmine aluminum lake100 mg tablets: yellow iron oxide150 mg tablets: yellow iron oxide, red iron oxide, black iron oxide200 mg tablets: FD&C Blue #2/indigo carmine aluminum lakeVIMPAT InjectionVIMPAT injection is a clear, colorless, sterile solution containing 10 mg lacosamide per mL for intravenous infusion. One 20-mL vial contains 200 mg of lacosamide drug substance. The inactive ingredients are sodium chloride and water for injection. Hydrochloric acid is used for pH adjustment. VIMPAT injection has a pH of 3.5 to 5.0.VIMPAT Oral SolutionVIMPAT oral solution contains 10 mg of lacosamide per mL. The inactive ingredients are purified water, sorbitol solution, glycerin, polyethylene glycol, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, acesulfame potassium, methylparaben, flavoring (including natural and artificial flavors, propylene glycol, aspartame, and maltol), anhydrous citric acid and sodium chloride. Indications & Dosage INDICATIONSPartial-Onset SeizuresVIMPAT is indicated for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients 4 years of age and older.Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic SeizuresVIMPAT is indicated as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in patients 4 years of age and older. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATIONDosage InformationThe recommended dosage for adults and pediatric patients 4 years to less than 17 years of age is included in Table 1. In pediatric patients 4 years to less than 17 years of age, the recommended dosing regimen is dependent upon body weight. Dosage should be increased based on clinical response and tolerability, no more frequently than once per week. Titration increments should not exceed those shown in Table 1.Table 1: Recommended Dosage for Adults and Pediatric Patients 4 Years and Older for Partial-Onset Seizures (Monotherapy or Adjunctive Therapy) and Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures (Adjunctive Therapy)*Age and Body WeightInitial DosageTitration RegimenMaintenance DosageAdults (17 years and older)Monotherapy**: 100 mg twice daily (200 mg per day) Adjunctive Therapy: 50 mg twice daily (100 mg per day)Increase by 50 mg twice daily (100 mg per day) every weekMonotherapy**: 150 mg to 200 mg twice daily (300 mg to 400 mg per day) Adjunctive Therapy: 100 mg to 200 mg twice daily (200 mg to 400 mg per day)Alternate Initial Dosage: 200 mg single loading dose, followed 12 hours later by 100 mg twice dailyPediatric patients weighing 50 kg or more50 mg twice daily (100 mg per day)Increase by 50 mg twice daily (100 mg per day) every weekMonotherapy**: 150 mg to 200 mg twice daily (300 mg to 400 mg per day) Adjunctive Therapy: 100 mg to 200 mg twice daily (200 mg to 400 mg per day)Pediatric patients weighing 30 kg to less than 50 kg1 mg/kg twice daily (2 mg/kg/day)Increase by 1 mg/kg twice daily (2 mg/kg/day) every week2 mg/kg to 4 mg/kg twice daily (4 mg/kg/day to 8 mg/kg/day)Pediatric patients weighing 11 kg to less than 30 kg1 mg/kg twice daily (2 mg/kg/day)Increase by 1 mg/kg twice daily (2 mg/kg/day) every week3 mg/kg to 6 mg/kg twice daily (6 mg/kg/day to 12 mg/kg/day)*when not specified, the dosage is the same for monotherapy for partial-onset seizures and adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures.**Monotherapy for partial-onset seizures onlyIn adjunctive clinical trials in adult patients with partial-onset seizures, a dosage higher than 200 mg twice daily (400 mg per day) was not more effective and was associated with a substantially higher rate of adverse reactions [see ADVERSE REACTIONS and Clinical Studies].VIMPAT Injection DosageVIMPAT injection may be used when oral administration is temporarily not feasible [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. VIMPAT injection can be administered intravenously with the same dosing regimens described for oral dosing.The clinical study experience of intravenous VIMPAT is limited to 5 days of consecutive treatment.Loading Dose In Adult Patients (17 Years And Older)VIMPAT and VIMPAT injection may be initiated in adult patients with a single loading dose of 200 mg, followed approximately 12 hours later by 100 mg twice daily (200 mg per day). This maintenance dose regimen should be continued for one week. VIMPAT can then be titrated as recommended in Table 1. The adult loading dose should be administered with medical supervision because of the increased incidence of CNS adverse reactions [see ADVERSE REACTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].The use of a loading dose in pediatric patients has not been studied.Converting From A Single Antiepileptic (AED) To VIMPAT Monotherapy For The Treatment Of Partial-Onset SeizuresFor patients who are already on a single AED and will convert to VIMPAT monotherapy, withdrawal of the concomitant AED should not occur until the therapeutic dosage of VIMPAT is achieved and has been administered for at least 3 days. A gradual withdrawal of the concomitant AED over at least 6 weeks is recommended.Dosage Information For Patients With Renal ImpairmentFor patients with mild to moderate renal impairment, no dosage adjustment is necessary.For patients with severe renal impairment [creatinine clearance (CLCR) less than 30 mL/min as estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault equation for adults; CLCR less than 30 mL/min/1.73m² as estimated by the Schwartz equation for pediatric patients] or end-stage renal disease, a reduction of 25% of the maximum dosage is recommended.In all patients with renal impairment, the dose titration should be performed with caution.HemodialysisVIMPAT is effectively removed from plasma by hemodialysis. Following a 4-hour hemodialysis treatment, dosage supplementation of up to 50% should be considered.Concomitant Strong CYP3A4 Or CYP2C9 InhibitorsDose reduction may be necessary in patients with renal impairment who are taking strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 [see DRUG INTERACTIONS, Use In Specific Populations, and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].Dosage Information For Patients With Hepatic ImpairmentFor patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment, a reduction of 25% of the maximum dosage is recommended. The dose titration should be performed with caution in patients with hepatic impairment. VIMPAT use is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment.Concomitant Strong CYP3A4 And CYP2C9 InhibitorsDose reduction may be necessary in patients with hepatic impairment who are taking strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 [see DRUG INTERACTIONS, Use In Specific Populations, and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].Administration Instructions For VIMPAT Tablets And Oral SolutionVIMPAT tablets and oral solution may be taken with or without food.VIMPAT TabletsVIMPAT tablets should be swallowed whole with liquid. Do not divide VIMPAT tablets.VIMPAT Oral SolutionA calibrated measuring device is recommended to measure and deliver the prescribed dose accurately. A household teaspoon or tablespoon is not an adequate measuring device.VIMPAT oral solution may also be administered using a nasogastric tube or gastrostomy tube.Discard any unused VIMPAT oral solution remaining after 7 weeks of first opening the bottle.Preparation And Administration Information For VIMPAT InjectionPreparationVIMPAT injection can be administered intravenously without further dilution or may be mixed with diluents listed below. The diluted solution should not be stored for more than 4 hours at room temperature.DiluentsSodium Chloride Injection 0.9% (w/v)Dextrose Injection 5% (w/v)Lactated Ringer's InjectionParenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. Product with particulate matter or discoloration should not be used.VIMPAT injection is for single-dose only. Any unused portion of VIMPAT injection should be discarded.AdministrationThe recommended infusion duration is 30 to 60 minutes; however, infusions as rapid as 15 minutes can be administered in adults if required [see ADVERSE REACTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Infusion durations less than 30 minutes are generally not recommended in pediatric patients [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].Intravenous infusion of VIMPAT may cause bradycardia, AV blocks, and ventricular tachyarrhythmia [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Obtaining an ECG before beginning VIMPAT and after VIMPAT is titrated to steady-state maintenance dose is recommended in patients with underlying proarrhythmic conditions or on concomitant medications that affect cardiac conduction [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].Storage And StabilityThe diluted solution should not be stored for more than 4 hours at room temperature. Any unused portion of VIMPAT injection should be discarded.Discontinuation Of VIMPATWhen discontinuing VIMPAT, a gradual withdrawal over at least 1 week is recommended [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. HOW SUPPLIEDDosage Forms And StrengthsVIMPAT Tablets50 mg: pink, oval, film-coated, debossed with “SP” on one side and “50” on the other100 mg: dark yellow, oval, film-coated, debossed with “SP” on one side and “100” on the other150 mg: salmon, oval, film-coated, debossed with “SP” on one side and “150” on the other200 mg: blue, oval, film-coated, debossed with “SP” on one side and “200” on the otherVIMPAT Injection200 mg/20 mL: clear, colorless sterile solution in single-dose vialsVIMPAT Oral Solution10 mg/mL: clear, colorless to yellow or yellow-brown, strawberry-flavored liquidVIMPAT (lacosamide) Tablets50 mg are pink, oval, film-coated tablets debossed with “SP” on one side and “50” on the other. They are supplied as follows:Bottles of 60 NDC 0131-2477-35Unit Dose Carton of 60 tablets [6 cards, each card contains 10 tablets] NDC 0131-2477-60100 mg are dark yellow, oval, film-coated tablets debossed with “SP” on one side and “100” on the other. They are supplied as follows:Bottles of 60 NDC 0131-2478-35Unit Dose Carton of 60 tablets [6 cards, each card contains 10 tablets] NDC 0131-2478-60150 mg are salmon, oval, film-coated tablets debossed with “SP” on one side and “150” on the other. They are supplied as follows:Bottles of 60 NDC 0131-2479-35Unit Dose Carton of 60 tablets [6 cards, each card contains 10 tablets] NDC 0131-2479-60200 mg are blue, oval, film-coated tablets debossed with “SP” on one side and “200” on the other. They are supplied as follows:Bottles of 60 NDC 0131-2480-35Unit Dose Carton of 60 tablets [6 cards, each card contains 10 tablets] NDC 0131-2480-60VIMPAT (lacosamide) Injection200 mg/20 mL is a clear, colorless sterile solution supplied in 20 mL colorless single-dose glass vials.200 mg/20 mL vial in cartons of 10 vials NDC 0131-1810-67VIMPAT (lacosamide) Oral Solution10 mg/mL is a clear, colorless to yellow or yellow-brown, strawberry-flavored liquid. It is supplied as follows:200 mL in PET bottles NDC 0131-5410-71200 mL in glass bottles NDC 0131-5410-72465 mL in PET bottles NDC 0131-5410-70Storage And HandlingStore at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted between 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]Do not freeze VIMPAT injection or oral solution. Discard any unused VIMPAT oral solution remaining after seven (7) weeks of first opening the bottle.Manufactured for: UCB, Inc. Smyrna, GA 30080. Revised: Nov 2020 IMAGES See Images Side Effects SIDE EFFECTSThe following serious adverse reactions are described below and elsewhere in the labeling:Suicidal Behavior and Ideation [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]Dizziness and Ataxia [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]Cardiac Rhythm and Conduction Abnormalities [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]Syncope [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS)/Multiorgan Hypersensitivity Reactions [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]Clinical Trials ExperienceBecause clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.VIMPAT Tablet And Oral SolutionIn the premarketing development of adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures, 1327 adult patients received VIMPAT tablets in controlled and uncontrolled trials, of whom 1000 were treated for longer than 6 months, and 852 for longer than 12 months. The monotherapy development program for partial-onset seizures included 425 adult patients, 310 of whom were treated for longer than 6 months, and 254 for longer than 12 months.Partial-Onset SeizuresMonotherapy Historical-Control Trial (Study 1)In the monotherapy trial for partial-onset seizures, 16% of patients randomized to receive VIMPAT at the recommended doses of 300 and 400 mg/day discontinued from the trial as a result of an adverse reaction. The adverse reaction most commonly (≥1% on VIMPAT) leading to discontinuation was dizziness.Adverse reactions that occurred in this study were generally similar to those that occurred in adjunctive placebo-controlled studies. One adverse reaction, insomnia, occurred at a rate of ≥2% and was not reported at a similar rate in previous studies. This adverse reaction has also been observed in postmarketing experience [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Because this study did not include a placebo control group, causality could not be established.Dizziness, headache, nausea, somnolence, and fatigue all occurred at lower incidences during the AED Withdrawal Phase and Monotherapy Phase, compared with the Titration Phase [see Clinical Studies].Adjunctive Therapy Controlled Trials (Studies 2, 3, And 4)In adjunctive therapy controlled clinical trials for partial-onset seizures, the rate of discontinuation as a result of an adverse reaction was 8% and 17% in patients randomized to receive VIMPAT at the recommended doses of 200 and 400 mg/day, respectively, 29% at 600 mg/day (1.5 times greater than the maximum recommended dose), and 5% in patients randomized to receive placebo. The adverse reactions most commonly (>1% on VIMPAT and greater than placebo) leading to discontinuation were dizziness, ataxia, vomiting, diplopia, nausea, vertigo, and blurred vision.Table 3 gives the incidence of adverse reactions that occurred in ≥2% of adult patients with partial-onset seizures in the VIMPAT total group and for which the incidence was greater than placebo.Table 3: Adverse Reactions Incidence in Adjunctive Therapy Pooled, Placebo-Controlled Trials in Adult Patients with Partial-Onset Seizures (Studies 2, 3, and 4)Adverse ReactionPlaceboN=364 %VIMPAT 200 mg/dayN=270 %VIMPAT 400 mg/dayN=471 %VIMPAT 600 mg/day*N=203 %VIMPAT TotalN=944 %Ear and labyrinth disorderVertigo15344Eye disordersDiplopia26101611Blurred Vision329168Gastrointestinal disordersNausea47111711Vomiting369169Diarrhea33544General disorders and administration site conditionsFatigue677159Gait disturbance<1<1242Asthenia12242Injury, poisoning and procedural complicationsContusion33423Skin laceration22333Nervous system disordersDizziness816305331Headache911141213Ataxia247158Somnolence55887Tremor446127Nystagmus425105Balance disorder01564Memory impairment21262Psychiatric disordersDepression12222Skin and subcutaneous disordersPruritus13232*600 mg dose is 1.5 times greater than the maximum recommended dose.The overall adverse reaction rate was similar in male and female patients. Although there were few non- Caucasian patients, no differences in the incidences of adverse reactions compared to Caucasian patients were observed.Pediatric Patients (4 To Less Than 17 Years Of Age)Safety of VIMPAT was evaluated in clinical studies of pediatric patients 4 to less than 17 years of age for the treatment of partial-onset seizures. Across studies in pediatric patients with partial-onset seizures, 328 patients 4 to less than 17 years of age received VIMPAT oral solution or tablet, of whom 148 received VIMPAT for at least 1 year. Adverse reactions reported in clinical studies of pediatric patients 4 to less than 17 years of age were similar to those seen in adult patients.Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures in Patients (4 Years of Age and Older)Adjunctive Therapy Trial (Study 5)In the adjunctive therapy placebo-controlled trial for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, adverse reactions that occurred in the study were generally similar to those that occurred in partial-onset seizure placebo-controlled studies. The most common adverse reactions (≥ 10% on VIMPAT) reported in patients treated with VIMPAT were dizziness (23%), somnolence (17%), headache (14%), and nausea (10%), compared to 7%, 14%, 10%, and 6%, respectively, of patients who received placebo. Additionally, an adverse reaction not previously reported of myoclonic epilepsy was reported in 3% of patients treated with VIMPAT compared to 1% of patients who received placebo. It is also noted that 2 patients receiving VIMPAT had acute worsening of seizures shortly after drug initiation, including one episode of status epilepticus, compared to no patients receiving placebo.Laboratory AbnormalitiesAbnormalities in liver function tests have occurred in controlled trials with VIMPAT in adult patients with partial-onset seizures who were taking 1 to 3 concomitant anti-epileptic drugs. Elevations of ALT to ≥3x ULN occurred in 0.7% (7/935) of VIMPAT patients and 0% (0/356) of placebo patients. One case of hepatitis with transaminases >20x ULN occurred in one healthy subject 10 days after VIMPAT treatment completion, along with nephritis (proteinuria and urine casts). Serologic studies were negative for viral hepatitis. Transaminases returned to normal within one month without specific treatment. At the time of this event, bilirubin was normal. The hepatitis/nephritis was interpreted as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to VIMPAT.Other Adverse ReactionsThe following is a list of adverse reactions reported by patients treated with VIMPAT in all clinical trials in adult patients, including controlled trials and long-term open-label extension trials. Adverse reactions addressed in other tables or sections are not listed here.Blood and lymphatic system disorders: neutropenia, anemiaCardiac disorders: palpitationsEar and labyrinth disorders: tinnitusGastrointestinal disorders: constipation, dyspepsia, dry mouth, oral hypoaesthesiaGeneral disorders and administration site conditions: irritability, pyrexia, feeling drunkInjury, poisoning, and procedural complications: fallMusculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: muscle spasmsNervous system disorders: paresthesia, cognitive disorder, hypoaesthesia, dysarthria, disturbance in attention, cerebellar syndromePsychiatric disorders: confusional state, mood altered, depressed moodVIMPAT InjectionAdult Patients (17 Years and Older)Adverse reactions with intravenous administration to adult patients with partial-onset seizures generally were similar to those that occurred with the oral formulation, although intravenous administration was associated with local adverse reactions such as injection site pain or discomfort (2.5%), irritation (1%), and erythema (0.5%). One case of profound bradycardia (26 bpm: BP 100/60 mmHg) occurred in a patient during a 15-minute infusion of 150 mg VIMPAT. This patient was on a beta-blocker. Infusion was discontinued and the patient experienced a rapid recovery.The safety of a 15-minute loading dose administration of VIMPAT Injection 200 mg to 400 mg followed by oral administration of VIMPAT given twice daily at the same total daily dose as the initial intravenous infusion was assessed in an open-label study in adult patients with partial-onset seizures. Patients had to have been maintained on a stable dose regimen of 1 to 2 marketed antiepileptics for at least 28 days prior to treatment assignment. Treatment groups were as follows:Single dose of intravenous VIMPAT Injection 200 mg followed by oral VIMPAT 200 mg/day (100 mg every 12 hours)Single dose of intravenous VIMPAT Injection 300 mg followed by oral VIMPAT 300 mg/day (150 mg every 12 hours)Single dose of intravenous VIMPAT Injection 400 mg followed by oral VIMPAT 400 mg/day (200 mg every 12 hours).Table 4 gives the incidence of adverse reactions that occurred in ≥5% of adult patients in any VIMPAT dosing group.Table 4: Adverse Reactions in a 15-minute Infusion Study in Adult Patients with Partial-Onset SeizuresAdverse ReactionVIMPAT 200 mgN=25 %VIMPAT 300 mgN=50 %VIMPAT 400 mgN=25 %VIMPAT TotalN=100 %Eye disordersDiplopia46209Blurred Vision04125Gastrointestinal disordersNausea0162414Dry mouth06126Vomiting04125Oral Paresthesia4485Oral Hypoesthesia0685Diarrhea0804General disorders/administration site conditionsFatigue0181212Gait disturbance8203Chest pain00123Nervous system disordersDizziness20466043Somnolence0343626Headache84168Paresthesia8646Tremor0644Abnormal Coordination0603Skin & subcutaneous tissue disordersPruritus0644Hyperhidrosis0082Adverse reactions that occurred with infusion of VIMPAT 200 mg over 15-minutes followed by VIMPAT 100 mg administered orally twice per day were similar in frequency to those that occurred in 3-month adjunctive therapy controlled trials. Considering the difference in period of observations (1 week vs. 3 months), the incidence of CNS adverse reactions, such as dizziness, somnolence, and paresthesia may be higher with 15- minute administration of VIMPAT Injection than with administration over a 30-to 60-minute period.The adverse reactions associated with VIMPAT injection in adult patients with primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures are expected to be similar to those seen in adults with partial-onset seizures.Pediatric Patients (4 Years to less than 17 Years of Age)The safety of VIMPAT injection was evaluated in a multicenter, open-label study of 77 pediatric patients 4 to less than 17 years of age with epilepsy. Infusions were primarily administered over a 30 to 60 minute time period; infusion times less than 30 minutes were not adequately studied in pediatric patients [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. Although no serious or severe adverse reactions were noted at the time of infusion in this small study, the adverse reactions associated with VIMPAT injection in pediatric patients are expected to be similar to those noted in adults.Postmarketing ExperienceThe following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of VIMPAT. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.Blood and lymphatic system disorders: AgranulocytosisPsychiatric disorders: Aggression, agitation, hallucination, insomnia, psychotic disorderSkin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Angioedema, rash, urticaria, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis.Neurologic disorders: New or worsening seizures Drug Interactions DRUG INTERACTIONSStrong CYP3A4 Or CYP2C9 InhibitorsPatients with renal or hepatic impairment who are taking strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 may have a significant increase in exposure to VIMPAT. Dose reduction may be necessary in these patients.Concomitant Medications That Affect Cardiac ConductionVIMPAT should be used with caution in patients on concomitant medications that affect cardiac conduction (sodium channel blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, potassium channel blockers) including those that prolong PR interval (including sodium channel blocking AEDs), because of a risk of AV block, bradycardia, or ventricular tachyarrhythmia. In such patients, obtaining an ECG before beginning VIMPAT, and after VIMPAT is titrated to steady-state, is recommended. In addition, these patients should be closely monitored if they are administered VIMPAT through the intravenous route [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Warnings & Precautions WARNINGSIncluded as part of the PRECAUTIONS section. PRECAUTIONSSuicidal Behavior And IdeationAntiepileptic drugs (AEDs), including VIMPAT, increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking these drugs for any indication. Patients treated with any AED for any indication should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, and/or any unusual changes in mood or behavior.Pooled analyses of 199 placebo-controlled clinical trials (mono- and adjunctive therapy) of 11 different AEDs showed that patients randomized to one of the AEDs had approximately twice the risk (adjusted Relative Risk 1.8, 95% CI:1.2, 2.7) of suicidal thinking or behavior compared to patients randomized to placebo. In these trials, which had a median treatment duration of 12 weeks, the estimated incidence of suicidal behavior or ideation among 27,863 AED-treated patients was 0.43%, compared to 0.24% among 16,029 placebo-treated patients, representing an increase of approximately one case of suicidal thinking or behavior for every 530 patients treated. There were four suicides in drug-treated patients in the trials and none in placebo-treated patients, but the number of events is too small to allow any conclusion about drug effect on suicide.The increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with AEDs was observed as early as one week after starting treatment with AEDs and persisted for the duration of treatment assessed. Because most trials included in the analysis did not extend beyond 24 weeks, the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior beyond 24 weeks could not be assessed.The risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior was generally consistent among drugs in the data analyzed. The finding of increased risk with AEDs of varying mechanisms of action and across a range of indications suggests that the risk applies to all AEDs used for any indication. The risk did not vary substantially by age (5-100 years) in the clinical trials analyzed.Table 2 shows absolute and relative risk by indication for all evaluated AEDs.Table 2: Risk by Indication for Antiepileptic Drugs in the Pooled AnalysisIndicationPlacebo Patients with Events Per 1000 PatientsDrug Patients with Events Per 1000 PatientsRelative Risk: Incidence of Events in Drug Patients/Incidence in Placebo PatientsRisk Difference: Additional Drug Patients with Events Per 1000 PatientsEpilepsy1.03.43.52.4Psychiatric5.78.51.52.9Other1.01.81.90.9Total2.44.31.81.9The relative risk for suicidal thoughts or behavior was higher in clinical trials for epilepsy than in clinical trials for psychiatric or other conditions, but the absolute risk differences were similar.Anyone considering prescribing VIMPAT or any other AED must balance this risk with the risk of untreated illness. Epilepsy and many other illnesses for which antiepileptics are prescribed are themselves associated with morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Should suicidal thoughts and behavior emerge during treatment, the prescriber needs to consider whether the emergence of these symptoms in any given patient may be related to the illness being treated.Dizziness And AtaxiaVIMPAT may cause dizziness and ataxia in adult and pediatric patients. In adult patients with partial-onset seizures taking 1 to 3 concomitant AEDs, dizziness was experienced by 25% of patients randomized to the recommended doses (200 to 400 mg/day) of VIMPAT (compared with 8% of placebo patients) and was the adverse event most frequently leading to discontinuation (3%). Ataxia was experienced by 6% of patients randomized to the recommended doses (200 to 400 mg/day) of VIMPAT (compared to 2% of placebo patients). The onset of dizziness and ataxia was most commonly observed during titration. There was a substantial increase in these adverse events at doses higher than 400 mg/day [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].Cardiac Rhythm And Conduction AbnormalitiesPR Interval Prolongation, Atrioventricular Block, And Ventricular TachyarrhythmiaDose-dependent prolongations in PR interval with VIMPAT have been observed in clinical studies in adult patients and in healthy volunteers [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. In adjunctive clinical trials in adult patients with partial-onset seizures, asymptomatic first-degree atrioventricular (AV) block was observed as an adverse reaction in 0.4% (4/944) of patients randomized to receive VIMPAT and 0% (0/364) of patients randomized to receive placebo. One case of profound bradycardia was observed in a patient during a 15-minute infusion of 150 mg VIMPAT. When VIMPAT is given with other drugs that prolong the PR interval, further PR prolongation is possible.In the postmarketing setting, there have been reports of cardiac arrhythmias in patients treated with VIMPAT, including bradycardia, AV block, and ventricular tachyarrhythmia, which have rarely resulted in asystole, cardiac arrest, and death. Most, although not all, cases have occurred in patients with underlying proarrhythmic conditions, or in those taking concomitant medications that affect cardiac conduction or prolong the PR interval. These events have occurred with both oral and intravenous routes of administration and at prescribed doses as well as in the setting of overdose [see OVERDOSAGE].VIMPAT should be used with caution in patients with underlying proarrhythmic conditions such as known cardiac conduction problems (e.g., marked first-degree AV block, second-degree or higher AV block and sick sinus syndrome without pacemaker), severe cardiac disease (such as myocardial ischemia or heart failure, or structural heart disease), and cardiac sodium channelopathies (e.g., Brugada Syndrome). VIMPAT should also be used with caution in patients on concomitant medications that affect cardiac conduction, including sodium channel blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, potassium channel blockers, and medications that prolong the PR interval [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. In such patients, obtaining an ECG before beginning VIMPAT, and after VIMPAT is titrated to steady-state maintenance dose, is recommended. In addition, these patients should be closely monitored if they are administered VIMPAT through the intravenous route [see ADVERSE REACTIONS and DRUG INTERACTIONS].Atrial Fibrillation And Atrial FlutterIn the short-term investigational trials of VIMPAT in adult patients with partial-onset seizures there were no cases of atrial fibrillation or flutter. Both atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter have been reported in open label partial-onset seizure trials and in postmarketing experience. In adult patients with diabetic neuropathy, for which VIMPAT is not indicated, 0.5% of patients treated with VIMPAT experienced an adverse reaction of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, compared to 0% of placebo-treated patients. VIMPAT administration may predispose to atrial arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation or flutter), especially in patients with diabetic neuropathy and/or cardiovascular disease.SyncopeIn the short-term controlled trials of VIMPAT in adult patients with partial-onset seizures with no significant system illnesses, there was no increase in syncope compared to placebo. In the short-term controlled trials in adult patients with diabetic neuropathy, for which VIMPAT is not indicated, 1.2% of patients who were treated with VIMPAT reported an adverse reaction of syncope or loss of consciousness, compared with 0% of placebotreated patients with diabetic neuropathy. Most of the cases of syncope were observed in patients receiving doses above 400 mg/day. The cause of syncope was not determined in most cases. However, several were associated with either changes in orthostatic blood pressure, atrial flutter/fibrillation (and associated tachycardia), or bradycardia. Cases of syncope have also been observed in open-label clinical partial-onset seizure studies in adult and pediatric patients. These cases were associated with a history of risk factors for cardiac disease and the use of drugs that slow AV conduction.Withdrawal Of Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs)As with all AEDs, VIMPAT should be withdrawn gradually (over a minimum of 1 week) to minimize the potential of increased seizure frequency in patients with seizure disorders.Drug Reaction With Eosinophilia And Systemic Symptoms (DRESS)/Multi-Organ HypersensitivityDrug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), also known as multi-organ hypersensitivity, has been reported in patients taking antiepileptic drugs, including VIMPAT. Some of these events have been fatal or life-threatening. DRESS typically, although not exclusively, presents with fever, rash, lymphadenopathy and/or facial swelling, in association with other organ system involvement, such as hepatitis, nephritis, hematologic abnormalities, myocarditis, or myositis, sometimes resembling an acute viral infection. Eosinophilia is often present. This disorder is variable in its expression, and other organ systems not noted here may be involved. It is important to note that early manifestations of hypersensitivity (e.g., fever, lymphadenopathy) may be present even though rash is not evident. If such signs or symptoms are present, the patient should be evaluated immediately. VIMPAT should be discontinued if an alternative etiology for the signs or symptoms cannot be established.Risks In Patients With PhenylketonuriaPhenylalanine can be harmful in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). VIMPAT oral solution contains aspartame, a source of phenylalanine. A 200 mg dose of VIMPAT oral solution (equivalent to 20 mL) contains 0.32 mg of phenylalanine. Before prescribing VIMPAT oral solution to a patient with PKU, consider the combined daily amount of phenylalanine from all sources, including VIMPAT oral solution.Patient Counseling InformationAdvise the patient or caregiver to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).Suicidal Thinking And BehaviorPatients, their caregivers, and families should be counseled that AEDs, including VIMPAT, may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and should be advised of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior, or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, behavior, or thoughts about self-harm. Behaviors of concern should be reported immediately to healthcare providers [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].Dizziness And AtaxiaPatients should be counseled that VIMPAT use may cause dizziness, double vision, abnormal coordination and balance, and somnolence. Patients taking VIMPAT should be advised not to drive, operate complex machinery, or engage in other hazardous activities until they have become accustomed to any such effects associated with VIMPAT [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].Cardiac Rhythm And Conduction AbnormalitiesPatients should be counseled that VIMPAT is associated with electrocardiographic changes that may predispose to irregular heart beat and syncope. Cardiac arrest has been reported. This risk is increased in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease, with heart conduction problems, or who are taking other medications that affect the heart. Patients should be made aware of and report cardiac signs or symptoms to their healthcare provider right away. Patients who develop syncope should lay down with raised legs and contact their health care provider [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].Drug Reaction With Eosinophilia And Systemic Symptoms (DRESS)/Multi-Organ HypersensitivityPatients should be aware that VIMPAT may cause serious hypersensitivity reactions affecting multiple organs such as the liver and kidney. VIMPAT should be discontinued if a serious hypersensitivity reaction is suspected. Patients should also be instructed to report promptly to their physicians any symptoms of liver toxicity (e.g., fatigue, jaundice, dark urine) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].Pregnancy RegistryAdvise patients to notify their healthcare provider if they become pregnant or intend to become pregnant during VIMPAT therapy. Encourage patients to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) pregnancy registry if they become pregnant. This registry is collecting information about the safety of AEDs during pregnancy [see Use In Specific Populations].Nonclinical ToxicologyCarcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of FertilityCarcinogenesisThere was no evidence of drug related carcinogenicity in mice or rats. Mice and rats received lacosamide once daily by oral administration for 104 weeks at doses producing plasma exposures (AUC) up to approximately 1 and 3 times, respectively, the plasma AUC in humans at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 400 mg/day.MutagenesisLacosamide was negative in an in vitro Ames test and an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. Lacosamide induced a positive response in the in vitro mouse lymphoma assay.FertilityNo adverse effects on male or female fertility or reproduction were observed in rats at doses producing plasma exposures (AUC) up to approximately 2 times the plasma AUC in humans at the MRHD. Use In Specific PopulationsPregnancyPregnancy Exposure RegistryThere is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), such as VIMPAT, during pregnancy. Encourage women who are taking VIMPAT during pregnancy to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) pregnancy registry by calling 1-888- 233-2334 or visiting http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/.Risk SummaryThere are no adequate data on the developmental risks associated with the use of VIMPAT in pregnant women.Lacosamide produced developmental toxicity (increased embryofetal and perinatal mortality, growth deficit) in rats following administration during pregnancy. Developmental neurotoxicity was observed in rats following administration during a period of postnatal development corresponding to the third trimester of human pregnancy. These effects were observed at doses associated with clinically relevant plasma exposures (see Data).In the U.S. general population the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively. The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown.DataAnimal DataOral administration of lacosamide to pregnant rats (20, 75, or 200 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (6.25, 12.5, or 25 mg/kg/day) during the period of organogenesis did not produce any effects on the incidences of fetal structural abnormalities. However, the maximum doses evaluated were limited by maternal toxicity in both species and embryofetal death in rats. These doses were associated with maternal plasma lacosamide exposures (AUC) approximately 2 and 1 times (rat and rabbit, respectively) that in humans at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 400 mg/day.In two studies in which lacosamide (25, 70, or 200 mg/kg/day and 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day) was orally administered to rats throughout pregnancy and lactation, increased perinatal mortality and decreased body weights in the offspring were observed at the highest dose tested. The no-effect dose for pre- and postnatal developmental toxicity in rats (70 mg/kg/day) was associated with a maternal plasma lacosamide AUC similar to that in humans at the MRHD.Oral administration of lacosamide (30, 90, or 180 mg/kg/day) to rats during the neonatal and juvenile periods of development resulted in decreased brain weights and long-term neurobehavioral changes (altered open field performance, deficits in learning and memory). The early postnatal period in rats is generally thought to correspond to late pregnancy in humans in terms of brain development. The no-effect dose for developmental neurotoxicity in rats was associated with a plasma lacosamide AUC less than that in humans at the MRHD.In Vitro DataLacosamide has been shown in vitro to interfere with the activity of collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2), a protein involved in neuronal differentiation and control of axonal outgrowth. Potential adverse effects on CNS development related to this activity cannot be ruled out.LactationRisk SummaryThere are no data on the presence of lacosamide in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. Studies in lactating rats have shown excretion of lacosamide and/or its metabolites in milk. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for VIMPAT and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from VIMPAT or from the underlying maternal condition.Pediatric UsePartial-Onset SeizuresSafety and effectiveness of VIMPAT for the treatment of partial-onset seizures have been established in pediatric patients 4 to less than 17 years of age. Use of VIMPAT in this age group is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies of VIMPAT in adults with partial-onset seizures, pharmacokinetic data from adult and pediatric patients, and safety data in 328 pediatric patients 4 to less than 17 years of age [see ADVERSE REACTIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 4 years have not been established.Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic SeizuresSafety and effectiveness of VIMPAT as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in pediatric patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy 4 years of age and older was established in a 24-week double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multi-center study (Study 5), which included 37 pediatric patients 4 years to < 17 years of age [see ADVERSE REACTIONS and Clinical Studies].Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 4 years have not been established.Animal DataLacosamide has been shown in vitro to interfere with the activity of collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2), a protein involved in neuronal differentiation and control of axonal outgrowth. Potential related adverse effects on CNS development cannot be ruled out. Administration of lacosamide to rats during the neonatal and juvenile periods of postnatal development (approximately equivalent to neonatal through adolescent development in humans) resulted in decreased brain weights and long-term neurobehavioral changes (altered open field performance, deficits in learning and memory). The no-effect dose for developmental neurotoxicity in rats was associated with a plasma lacosamide exposure (AUC) less than that in humans at the maximum recommended human dose of 400 mg/day.Geriatric UseThere were insufficient numbers of elderly patients enrolled in partial-onset seizure trials (n=18) to adequately determine whether they respond differently from younger patients.No VIMPAT dose adjustment based on age is necessary. In elderly patients, dose titration should be performed with caution, usually starting at the lower end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic function, decreased renal function, increased cardiac conduction abnormalities, and polypharmacy [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].Renal ImpairmentBased on data in adults, no dose adjustment is necessary in adult and pediatric patients with mild to moderate renal impairment (CLCR ≥30 mL/min). In adult and pediatric patients with severe renal impairment (CLCR <30 mL/min) and in those with end-stage renal disease, a reduction of 25% of the maximum dosage is recommended [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].In all patients with renal impairment, dose titration should be performed with caution.VIMPAT is effectively removed from plasma by hemodialysis. Dosage supplementation of up to 50% following hemodialysis should be considered.Hepatic ImpairmentBased on data in adults, for adult and pediatric patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment, a reduction of 25% of the maximum dosage is recommended. Patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment should be observed closely during dose titration [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. The pharmacokinetics of lacosamide has not been evaluated in severe hepatic impairment. VIMPAT use is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Drug Abuse And DependenceControlled SubstanceVIMPAT is a Schedule V controlled substance.AbuseIn a human abuse potential study, single doses of 200 mg and 800 mg lacosamide produced euphoria-type subjective responses that differentiated statistically from placebo; at 800 mg, these euphoria-type responses were statistically indistinguishable from those produced by alprazolam, a Schedule IV drug. The duration of the euphoria-type responses following lacosamide was less than that following alprazolam. A high rate of euphoria was also reported as an adverse event in the human abuse potential study following single doses of 800 mg lacosamide (15% [5/34]) compared to placebo (0%) and in two pharmacokinetic studies following single and multiple doses of 300-800 mg lacosamide (ranging from 6% [2/33] to 25% [3/12]) compared to placebo (0%). However, the rate of euphoria reported as an adverse event in the VIMPAT development program at therapeutic doses was less than 1%.DependenceAbrupt termination of lacosamide in clinical trials with diabetic neuropathic pain patients produced no signs or symptoms that are associated with a withdrawal syndrome indicative of physical dependence. However, psychological dependence cannot be excluded due to the ability of lacosamide to produce euphoria-type adverse events in humans. Overdosage & Contraindications OVERDOSEEvents reported after an intake of more than 800 mg (twice the maximum recommended daily dosage) of VIMPAT include dizziness, nausea, and seizures (generalized tonic-clonic seizures, status epilepticus). Cardiac conduction disorders, confusion, decreased level of consciousness, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, and coma have also been observed. Fatalities have occurred following lacosamide overdoses of several grams.There is no specific antidote for overdose with VIMPAT. Standard decontamination procedures should be followed. General supportive care of the patient is indicated including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the clinical status of patient. A Certified Poison Control Center should be contacted for up to date information on the management of overdose with VIMPAT.Standard hemodialysis procedures result in significant clearance of VIMPAT (reduction of systemic exposure by 50% in 4 hours). Hemodialysis may be indicated based on the patient's clinical state or in patients with significant renal impairment. CONTRAINDICATIONSNone. Clinical Pharmacology CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Mechanism Of Action The precise mechanism by which VIMPAT exerts its antiepileptic effects in humans remains to be fully elucidated. In vitro electrophysiological studies have shown that lacosamide selectively enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels, resulting in stabilization of hyperexcitable neuronal membranes and inhibition of repetitive neuronal firing. Pharmacodynamics A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (efficacy) analysis was performed based on the pooled data from the 3 efficacy trials for partial-onset seizures. Lacosamide exposure is correlated with the reduction in seizure frequency. However, doses above 400 mg/day do not appear to confer additional benefit in group analyses. Cardiac Electrophysiology Electrocardiographic effects of VIMPAT were determined in a double-blind, randomized clinical pharmacology trial of 247 healthy subjects. Chronic oral doses of 400 and 800 mg/day were compared with placebo and a positive control (400 mg moxifloxacin). VIMPAT did not prolong QTc interval and did not have a dose-related or clinically important effect on QRS duration. VIMPAT produced a small, dose-related increase in mean PR interval. At steady-state, the time of the maximum observed mean PR interval corresponded with tmax. The placebo-subtracted maximum increase in PR interval (at tmax) was 7.3 ms for the 400 mg/day group and 11.9 ms for the 800 mg/day group. For patients who participated in the controlled trials, the placebo-subtracted mean maximum increase in PR interval for a 400 mg/day VIMPAT dose was 3.1 ms in patients with partial-onset seizures and 9.4 ms for patients with diabetic neuropathy. Pharmacokinetics The pharmacokinetics of VIMPAT have been studied in healthy adult subjects (age range 18 to 87), adults with partial-onset seizures, adults with diabetic neuropathy, and subjects with renal and hepatic impairment. VIMPAT is completely absorbed after oral administration with negligible first-pass effect with a high absolute bioavailability of approximately 100%. The maximum lacosamide plasma concentrations occur approximately 1 to 4 hour post-dose after oral dosing, and elimination half-life is approximately 13 hours. Steady state plasma concentrations are achieved after 3 days of twice daily repeated administration. Pharmacokinetics of VIMPAT are dose proportional (100-800 mg) and time invariant, with low inter- and intra-subject variability. Compared to lacosamide the major metabolite, O-desmethyl metabolite, has a longer Tmax (0.5 to 12 hours) and elimination half-life (15-23 hours). Absorption And Bioavailability VIMPAT is completely absorbed after oral administration. The oral bioavailability of VIMPAT tablets is approximately 100%. Food does not affect the rate and extent of absorption. After intravenous administration, Cmax is reached at the end of infusion. The 30- and 60-minute intravenous infusions are bioequivalent to the oral tablet. For the 15-minute intravenous infusion, bioequivalence was met for AUC(0-tz) but not for Cmax. The point estimate of Cmax was 20% higher than Cmax for oral tablet and the 90% CI for Cmax exceeded the upper boundary of the bioequivalence range. In a trial comparing the oral tablet with an oral solution containing 10 mg/mL lacosamide, bioequivalence between both formulations was shown. A single loading dose of 200 mg approximates steady-state concentrations comparable to the 100 mg twice daily oral administration. Distribution The volume of distribution is approximately 0.6 L/kg and thus close to the volume of total body water. VIMPAT is less than 15% bound to plasma proteins. Metabolism And Elimination VIMPAT is primarily eliminated from the systemic circulation by renal excretion and biotransformation. After oral and intravenous administration of 100 mg [14C]-lacosamide approximately 95% of radioactivity administered was recovered in the urine and less than 0.5% in the feces. The major compounds excreted were unchanged lacosamide (approximately 40% of the dose), its O-desmethyl metabolite (approximately 30%), and a structurally unknown polar fraction (~20%). The plasma exposure of the major human metabolite, Odesmethyl-lacosamide, is approximately 10% of that of lacosamide. This metabolite has no known pharmacological activity. The CYP isoforms mainly responsible for the formation of the major metabolite (O-desmethyl) are CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19. The elimination half-life of the unchanged drug is approximately 13 hours and is not altered by different doses, multiple dosing or intravenous administration. There is no enantiomeric interconversion of lacosamide. Specific Populations Renal Impairment Lacosamide and its major metabolite are eliminated from the systemic circulation primarily by renal excretion. The AUC of VIMPAT was increased approximately 25% in mildly (CLCR 50-80 mL/min) and moderately (CLCR 30-50 mL/min) and 60% in severely (CLCR≤30 mL/min) renally impaired patients compared to subjects with normal renal function (CLCR>80 mL/min), whereas Cmax was unaffected. VIMPAT is effectively removed from plasma by hemodialysis. Following a 4-hour hemodialysis treatment, AUC of VIMPAT is reduced by approximately 50% [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. Hepatic Impairment Lacosamide undergoes metabolism. Subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B) showed higher plasma concentrations of lacosamide (approximately 50-60% higher AUC compared to healthy subjects). The pharmacokinetics of lacosamide have not been evaluated in severe hepatic impairment [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. Pediatric Patients (4 To Less Than 17 Years Of Age) The pediatric pharmacokinetic profile of VIMPAT was determined in a population pharmacokinetic analysis using sparse plasma concentration data obtained in two open-label studies in 79 pediatric patients with partial-onset seizures that included patients 4 years to less than 17 years of age. Both apparent clearance and apparent volume of distribution increase as body weight increases. For patients weighing 11 kg, 28.9 kg (the mean population body weight), and 70 kg, the typical plasma half-life (t½) is 7.4 hours, 10.6 hours, and 14.8 hours, respectively. Steady state plasma concentrations are achieved after 3 days of twice daily repeated administration. A weightbased dosing regimen is necessary to achieve lacosamide exposures in pediatric patients 4 to less than 17 years of age similar to those observed in adults treated at effective doses of VIMPAT [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. The pharmacokinetics of VIMPAT in pediatric patients are similar when used as monotherapy or as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures. Geriatric Patients In the elderly (>65 years), dose and body-weight normalized AUC and Cmax is about 20% increased compared to young subjects (18-64 years). This may be related to body weight and decreased renal function in elderly subjects. Gender VIMPAT clinical trials indicate that gender does not have a clinically relevant influence on the pharmacokinetics of VIMPAT. Race There are no clinically relevant differences in the pharmacokinetics of VIMPAT between Asian, Black, and Caucasian subjects. CYP2C19 Polymorphism There are no clinically relevant differences in the pharmacokinetics of VIMPAT between CYP2C19 poor metabolizers and extensive metabolizers. Results from a trial in poor metabolizers (PM) (N=4) and extensive metabolizers (EM) (N=8) of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 showed that lacosamide plasma concentrations were similar in PMs and EMs, but plasma concentrations and the amount excreted into urine of the O-desmethyl metabolite were about 70% reduced in PMs compared to EMs. Drug Interactions In Vitro Assessment Of Drug Interactions In vitro metabolism studies indicate that lacosamide does not induce the enzyme activity of drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19 and 3A4. Lacosamide did not inhibit CYP 1A1, 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4/5 at plasma concentrations observed in clinical studies. In vitro data suggest that lacosamide has the potential to inhibit CYP2C19 at therapeutic concentrations. However, an in vivo study with omeprazole did not show an inhibitory effect on omeprazole pharmacokinetics. Lacosamide was not a substrate or inhibitor for P-glycoprotein. Lacosamide is a substrate of CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19. Patients with renal or hepatic impairment who are taking strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 may have increased exposure to lacosamide. Since <15% of lacosamide is bound to plasma proteins, a clinically relevant interaction with other drugs through competition for protein binding sites is unlikely. In Vivo Assessment Of Drug Interactions Drug Interaction Studies with AEDs Effect of VIMPAT on concomitant AEDs VIMPAT 400 mg/day had no influence on the pharmacokinetics of 600 mg/day valproic acid and 400 mg/day carbamazepine in healthy subjects. The placebo-controlled clinical studies in patients with partial-onset seizures showed that steady-state plasma concentrations of levetiracetam, carbamazepine, carbamazepine epoxide, lamotrigine, topiramate, oxcarbazepine monohydroxy derivative (MHD), phenytoin, valproic acid, phenobarbital, gabapentin, clonazepam, and zonisamide were not affected by concomitant intake of VIMPAT at any dose. Effect of concomitant AEDs on VIMPAT Drug-drug interaction studies in healthy subjects showed that 600 mg/day valproic acid had no influence on the pharmacokinetics of 400 mg/day VIMPAT. Likewise, 400 mg/day carbamazepine had no influence on the pharmacokinetics of VIMPAT in a healthy subject study. Population pharmacokinetics results in patients with partial-onset seizures showed small reductions (15% to 20% lower) in lacosamide plasma concentrations when VIMPAT was coadministered with carbamazepine, phenobarbital or phenytoin. Drug-drug Interaction Studies with Other Drugs Digoxin There was no effect of VIMPAT (400 mg/day) on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin (0.5 mg once daily) in a study in healthy subjects. Metformin There were no clinically relevant changes in metformin levels following coadministration of VIMPAT (400 mg/day). Metformin (500 mg three times a day) had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of VIMPAT (400 mg/day). Omeprazole Omeprazole is a CYP2C19 substrate and inhibitor. There was no effect of VIMPAT (600 mg/day) on the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole (40 mg single dose) in healthy subjects. The data indicated that lacosamide had little in vivo inhibitory or inducing effect on CYP2C19. Omeprazole at a dose of 40 mg once daily had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of VIMPAT (300 mg single dose). However, plasma levels of the O-desmethyl metabolite were reduced about 60% in the presence of omeprazole. Midazolam Midazolam is a 3A4 substrate. There was no effect of VIMPAT (200 mg single dose or repeat doses of 400 mg/day given as 200 mg BID) on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam (single dose, 7.5 mg), indicating no inhibitory or inducing effects on CYP3A4. Oral Contraceptives There was no influence of VIMPAT (400 mg/day) on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of an oral contraceptive containing 0.03 mg ethinylestradiol and 0.15 mg levonorgestrel in healthy subjects, except that a 20% increase in ethinylestradiol Cmax was observed. Warfarin Co-administration of VIMPAT (400 mg/day) with warfarin (25 mg single dose) did not result in a clinically relevant change in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of warfarin in a study in healthy male subjects. Clinical Studies Monotherapy In Patients With Partial-Onset Seizures The efficacy of VIMPAT in monotherapy was established in a historical-control, multicenter, randomized trial that included 425 patients, age 16 to 70 years, with partial-onset seizures (Study 1). To be included in Study 1, patients were required to be taking stable doses of 1 or 2 marketed antiepileptic drugs. This treatment continued into the 8 week baseline period. To remain in the study, patients were required to have at least 2 partial-onset seizures per 28 days during the 8 week baseline period. The baseline period was followed by a 3 week titration period, during which VIMPAT was added to the ongoing antiepileptic regimen. This was followed by a 16week maintenance period (i.e., a 6-week withdrawal period for background antiepileptic drugs, followed by a 10-week monotherapy period). Patients were randomized 3 to 1 to receive VIMPAT 400 mg/day or VIMPAT 300 mg/day. Treatment assignments were blinded. Response to treatment was based upon a comparison of the number of patients who met exit criteria during the maintenance phase, compared to historical controls. The historical control consisted of a pooled analysis of the control groups from 8 studies of similar design, which utilized a sub-therapeutic dose of an antiepileptic drug. Statistical superiority to the historical control was considered to be demonstrated if the upper limit from a 2-sided 95% confidence interval for the percentage of patients meeting exit criteria in patients receiving VIMPAT remained below the lower 95% prediction limit of 65% derived from the historical control data. The exit criteria were one or more of the following: (1) doubling of average monthly seizure frequency during any 28 consecutive days, (2) doubling of highest consecutive 2-day seizure frequency, (3) occurrence of a single generalized tonic-clonic seizure, (4) clinically significant prolongation or worsening of overall seizure duration, frequency, type or pattern considered by the investigator to require trial discontinuation, (5) status epilepticus or new onset of serial/cluster seizures. The study population profile appeared comparable to that of the historical control population. For the VIMPAT 400 mg/day group, the estimate of the percentage of patients meeting at least 1 exit criterion was 30% (95% CI: 25%, 36%). The upper limit of the 2-sided 95% CI (36%) was below the threshold of 65% derived from the historical control data, meeting the pre-specified criteria for efficacy. VIMPAT 300 mg/day also met the pre-specified criteria for efficacy. Adjunctive Therapy In Patients With Partial-Onset Seizures The efficacy of VIMPAT as adjunctive therapy in partial-onset seizures was established in three 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trials in adult patients (Study 2, Study 3, and Study 4). Enrolled patients had partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalization, and were not adequately controlled with 1 to 3 concomitant AEDs. During an 8-week baseline period, patients were required to have an average of ≥4 partial-onset seizures per 28 days with no seizure-free period exceeding 21 days. In these 3 trials, patients had a mean duration of epilepsy of 24 years and a median baseline seizure frequency ranging from 10 to 17 per 28 days. 84% of patients were taking 2 to 3 concomitant AEDs with or without concurrent vagal nerve stimulation. Study 2 compared doses of VIMPAT 200, 400, and 600 mg/day with placebo. Study 3 compared doses of VIMPAT 400 and 600 mg/day with placebo. Study 4 compared doses of VIMPAT 200 and 400 mg/day with placebo. In all three trials, following an 8-week baseline phase to establish baseline seizure frequency prior to randomization, patients were randomized and titrated to the randomized dose (a 1-step back-titration of VIMPAT 100 mg/day or placebo was allowed in the case of intolerable adverse events at the end of the titration phase). During the titration phase, in all 3 adjunctive therapy trials, treatment was initiated at 100 mg/day (50 mg twice daily), and increased in weekly increments of 100 mg/day to the target dose. The titration phase lasted 6 weeks in Study 2 and Study 3, and 4 weeks in Study 4. In all three trials, the titration phase was followed by a maintenance phase that lasted 12 weeks, during which patients were to remain on a stable dose of VIMPAT. A reduction in 28 day seizure frequency (baseline to maintenance phase), as compared to the placebo group, was the primary variable in all three adjunctive therapy trials. A statistically significant effect was observed with VIMPAT treatment (Figure 1) at doses of 200 mg/day (Study 4), 400 mg/day (Studies 2, 3, and 4), and 600 mg/day (Studies 2 and 3). Subset evaluations of VIMPAT demonstrate no important differences in seizure control as a function of gender or race, although data on race was limited (about 10% of patients were non-Caucasian). Figure 1-Median Percent Reduction in Seizure Frequency per 28 days from Baseline to the Maintenance Phase by Dose Figure 2 presents the percentage of patients (X-axis) with a percent reduction in partial seizure frequency (responder rate) from baseline to the maintenance phase at least as great as that represented on the Y-axis. A positive value on the Y-axis indicates an improvement from baseline (i.e., a decrease in seizure frequency), while a negative value indicates a worsening from baseline (i.e., an increase in seizure frequency). Thus, in a display of this type, a curve for an effective treatment is shifted to the left of the curve for placebo. The proportion of patients achieving any particular level of reduction in seizure frequency was consistently higher for the VIMPAT groups, compared to the placebo group. For example, 40% of patients randomized to VIMPAT (400 mg/day) experienced a 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency, compared to 23% of patients randomized to placebo. Patients with an increase in seizure frequency >100% are represented on the Y-axis as equal to or greater than -100%. Figure 2 - Proportion of Patient by Responder Rate for VIMPAT and Placebo Groups in Studies 2,3, and 4 Medication Guide PATIENT INFORMATIONVIMPAT (VIM-pat)(lacosamide) film coated tablet, for oral useVIMPAT(VIM-pat)(lacosamide) injection, for intravenous useVIMPAT(VIM-pat)(lacosamide) oral solutionRead this Medication Guide before you start taking VIMPAT and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This Medication Guide describes important safety information about VIMPAT. This information does not take the place of talking to your healthcare provider about your medical condition or treatment.What is the most important information I should know about VIMPAT?Do not stop taking VIMPAT without first talking to your healthcare provider. Stopping VIMPAT suddenly can cause serious problems. Stopping seizure medicine suddenly in a patient who has epilepsy can cause seizures that will not stop (status epilepticus).VIMPAT can cause serious side effects, including:1. Like other antiepileptic drugs, VIMPAT may cause suicidal thoughts or actions in a very small number of people, about 1 in 500.Call a healthcare provider right away if you have any of these symptoms, especially if they are new, worse, or worry you:thoughts about suicide or dyingattempt to commit suicidenew or worse depressionnew or worse anxietyfeeling agitated or restlesspanic attackstrouble sleeping (insomnia)new or worse irritabilityacting aggressive, being angry, or violentacting on dangerous impulsesan extreme increase in activity and talking (mania)other unusual changes in behavior or moodHow can I watch for early symptoms of suicidal thoughts and actions?Pay attention to any changes, especially sudden changes, in mood, behaviors, thoughts, or feelings.Keep all follow-up visits with your healthcare provider as scheduled.Call your healthcare provider between visits as needed, especially if you are worried about symptoms.Suicidal thoughts or actions can be caused by things other than medicines. If you have suicidal thoughts or actions, your healthcare provider may check for other causes.2. VIMPAT may cause you to feel dizzy, have double vision, feel sleepy, or have problems with coordination and walking. Do not drive, operate heavy machinery, or do other dangerous activities until you know how VIMPAT affects you.3. VIMPAT may cause you to have an irregular heartbeat or may cause you to faint. In rare cases, cardiac arrest has been reported. Call your healthcare provider right away if you:have a fast, slow, or pounding heartbeat or feel your heart skip a beathave shortness of breathhave chest painfeel lightheadedfainted or if you feel like you are going to faintIf you have fainted or feel like you are going to faint you should lay down with your legs raised.4. VIMPAT is a federally controlled substance (CV) because it can be abused or lead to drug dependence. Keep your VIMPAT in a safe place, to protect it from theft. Never give your VIMPAT to anyone else, because it may harm them. Selling or giving away this medicine is against the law.What is VIMPAT?VIMPAT is a prescription medicine used in people 4 years of age and older:to treat partial-onset seizures.with other medicines to treat primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures.It is not known if VIMPAT is safe and effective in children under 4 years of age.What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking VIMPAT?Before you take VIMPAT, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you:have or have had depression, mood problems or suicidal thoughts or behavior.have heart problems.have kidney problems.have liver problems.have abused prescription medicines, street drugs or alcohol in the past.are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if VIMPAT can harm your unborn baby. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you become pregnant while taking VIMPAT. You and your healthcare provider will decide if you should take VIMPAT while you are pregnant.If you become pregnant while taking VIMPAT, talk to your healthcare provider about registering with the North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry. You can enroll in this registry by calling 1-888-233-2334. The purpose of this registry is to collect information about the safety of antiepileptic medicine during pregnancy.are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if VIMPAT passes into your breast milk or if it can harm your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby if you take VIMPAT.Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.Taking VIMPAT with certain other medicines may cause side effects or affect how well they work. Do not start or stop other medicines without talking to your healthcare provider. Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them and show it to your healthcare provider and pharmacist each time you get a new medicine.How should I take VIMPAT?Take VIMPAT exactly as your healthcare provider tells you.Your healthcare provider will tell you how much VIMPAT to take and when to take it.Your healthcare provider may change your dose if needed.Do not stop VIMPAT without first talking to a healthcare provider. Stopping VIMPAT suddenly in a patient who has epilepsy can cause seizures that will not stop (status epilepticus).VIMPAT may be taken with or without food.Swallow VIMPAT tablets whole with liquid. Do not cut VIMPAT tablets.If your healthcare provider has prescribed VIMPAT oral solution, be sure to ask your pharmacist for a medicine dropper or medicine cup to help you measure the correct amount of VIMPAT oral solution. Do not use a household teaspoon. Ask your pharmacist for instructions on how to use the measuring device the right way.If you take too much VIMPAT, call your healthcare provider or local Poison Control Center right away.What should I avoid while taking VIMPAT?Do not drive, operate heavy machinery, or do other dangerous activities until you know how VIMPAT affects you. VIMPAT may cause you to feel dizzy, have double vision, feel sleepy, or have problems with coordination and walking.What are the possible side effects of VIMPAT?See “What is the most important information I should know about VIMPAT?”VIMPAT may cause other serious side effects including:A serious allergic reaction that may affect your skin or other parts of your body such as your liver or blood cells. Call your healthcare provider right away if you have:a skin rash, hivesfever or swollen glands that do not go awayshortness of breathtiredness (fatigue)swelling of the legsyellowing of the skin or whites of the eyesdark urineThe most common side effects of VIMPAT include:double visionheadachedizzinessnauseasleepinessThese are not all of the possible side effects of VIMPAT. For more information ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist. Tell your healthcare provider about any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.How should I store VIMPAT?Store VIMPAT at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C).Do not freeze VIMPAT injection or oral solution.Throw away any unused VIMPAT oral solution 7 weeks after you first open the bottle.Keep VIMPAT and all medicines out of the reach of children.General Information about the safe and effective use of VIMPAT.Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use VIMPAT for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give VIMPAT to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them.This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about VIMPAT. If you would like more information, talk with your healthcare provider. You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about VIMPAT that is written for health professionals.What are the ingredients in VIMPAT?Active ingredient: lacosamideTablet inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, talc, titanium dioxide and additional ingredients listed below:50 mg tablets: red iron oxide, black iron oxide, FD&C Blue #2/indigo carmine aluminum lake100 mg tablets: yellow iron oxide150 mg tablets: yellow iron oxide, red iron oxide, black iron oxide200 mg tablets: FD&C Blue #2/indigo carmine aluminum lakeInjection inactive ingredients: sodium chloride, water for injection, hydrochloric acidOral solution inactive ingredients: purified water, sorbitol solution, glycerin, polyethylene glycol, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, acesulfame potassium, methylparaben, flavoring (including natural and artificial flavors, propylene glycol, aspartame, and maltol), anhydrous citric acid and sodium chloride.This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
