Namenda XR

NAMENDA XR
(memantine hydrochloride) Extended-release Capsules

DESCRIPTION

NAMENDA XR is an orally active NMDA receptor antagonist. The chemical name for memantine hydrochloride is 1-amino-3,5-dimethyladamantane hydrochloride with the following structural formula:

The molecular formula is C₁₂H₂₁N•HCl and the molecular weight is 215.76. Memantine HCl occurs as a fine white to off-white powder and is soluble in water.

NAMENDA XR capsules are supplied for oral administration as 7, 14, 21, and 28 mg capsules. Each capsule contains extended release beads with the labeled amount of memantine HCl and the following inactive ingredients: sugar spheres, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hypromellose, talc, polyethylene glycol, ethylcellulose, ammonium hydroxide, oleic acid, and medium chain triglycerides in hard gelatin capsules.

INDICATIONS

NAMENDA XR (memantine hydrochloride) extended-release capsules are indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe dementia of the Alzheimer's type.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Recommended Dosing

The dosage of NAMENDA XR shown to be effective in a controlled clinical trial is 28 mg once daily.

The recommended starting dose of NAMENDA XR is 7 mg once daily. The dose should be increased in 7 mg increments to the recommended maintenance dose of 28 mg once daily. The minimum recommended interval between dose increases is one week. The dose should only be increased if the previous dose has been well tolerated. The maximum recommended dose is 28 mg once daily.

NAMENDA XR can be taken with or without food. NAMENDA XR capsules can be taken intact or may be opened, sprinkled on applesauce, and thereby swallowed. The entire contents of each NAMENDA XR capsule should be consumed; the dose should not be divided.

Except when opened and sprinkled on applesauce, as described above, NAMENDA XR should be swallowed whole. NAMENDA XR capsules should not be divided, chewed, or crushed.

If a patient misses a single dose of NAMENDA XR, that patient should not double up on the next dose. The next dose should be taken as scheduled. If a patient fails to take NAMENDA XR for several days, dosing may need to be resumed at lower doses and retitrated as described above.

Switching From NAMENDA To NAMENDA XR Capsules

Patients treated with NAMENDA may be switched to NAMENDA XR capsules as follows:

It is recommended that a patient who is on a regimen of 10 mg twice daily of NAMENDA be switched to NAMENDA XR 28 mg once daily capsules the day following the last dose of 10 mg NAMENDA. There is no study addressing the comparative efficacy of these 2 regimens.

In a patient with severe renal impairment, it is recommended that a patient who is on a regimen of 5 mg twice daily of NAMENDA be switched to NAMENDA XR 14 mg once daily capsules the day following the last dose of 5 mg NAMENDA.

Dosing In Patients With Renal Impairment

In patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance of 5 – 29 mL/min, based on the Cockcroft-Gault equation), the recommended maintenance dose (and maximum recommended dose) is 14 mg/day [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

HOW SUPPLIED

Dosage Forms And Strengths

Each capsule contains 7 mg, 14 mg, 21 mg, or 28 mg of memantine HCl.

• The 7 mg capsules are a yellow opaque capsule, with “FLI 7 mg” black imprint.
• The 14 mg capsules are a yellow cap and dark green opaque body capsule, with “FLI 14 mg” black imprint on the yellow cap.
• The 21 mg capsules are a white to off-white cap and dark green opaque body capsule, with “FLI 21 mg” black imprint on the white to off-white cap.
• The 28 mg capsules are a dark green opaque capsule, with “FLI 28 mg” white imprint.

Storage And Handling

7 mg Capsule

Yellow opaque capsule, with “FLI 7 mg” black imprint.

Bottle of 30: NDC# 0456-3407-33

14 mg Capsule

Yellow cap and dark green opaque capsule with “FLI 14 mg” black imprint on the yellow cap.

Bottle of 30: NDC# 0456-3414-33
Bottle of 90: NDC# 0456-3414-90
10 x 10 Unit Dose: NDC# 0456-3414-63

21 mg Capsule

White to off-white cap and dark green opaque capsule, with “FLI 21 mg” black imprint on the white to off-white cap.

Bottle of 30: NDC# 0456-3421-33

28 mg Capsule

Dark green opaque capsule, with “FLI 28 mg” white imprint.

Bottle of 30: NDC# 0456-3428-33
Bottle of 90: NDC# 0456-3428-90
10 x 10 Unit Dose: NDC# 0456-3428-63

Titration Pack

NDC# 0456-3400-29 Contains 28 capsules (7 x 7 mg, 7 x 14 mg, 7 x 21 mg, 7 x 28 mg)

Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].

Manufactured for: Forest Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Subsidiary of Forest Laboratories LLC St. Louis, MO 63045. Manufactured by: Forest Laboratories Ireland Ltd. Revised: 9/2014

SIDE EFFECTS

Clinical Trials Experience

NAMENDA XR was evaluated in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in which a total of 676 patients with moderate to severe dementia of the Alzheimer's type (341 patients on NAMENDA XR 28 mg/day and 335 patients on placebo) were treated for up to 24 weeks.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Adverse Reactions Leading to Discontinuation

In the placebo-controlled clinical trial of NAMENDA XR, the proportion of patients in the NAMENDA XR group and the placebo group who discontinued treatment due to adverse reactions was 10% and 6%, respectively. The most common adverse reaction that led to treatment discontinuation in the NAMENDA XR group was dizziness, at a rate of 1.5%.

Most Common Adverse Reactions

The most commonly observed adverse reactions seen in patients administered NAMENDA XR in the controlled clinical trial, defined as those occurring at a frequency of at least 5% in the NAMENDA XR group and at a frequency higher than placebo, were headache, diarrhea and dizziness.

Table 1 lists adverse reactions that were observed at an incidence of ≥ 2% in the NAMENDA XR group and occurred at a rate greater than placebo.

Table 1: Adverse reactions observed with a frequency of ≥ 2% in the NAMENDA XR group and at a rate greater than placebo

Adverse reaction	Placebo (n = 335) %	NAMENDA XR 28mg (n = 341) %
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Diarrhea	4	5
Constipation	1	3
Abdominal pain	1	2
Vomiting	1	2
Infections and infestations
Influenza	3	4
Investigations
Weight, increased	1	3
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Back pain	1	3
Nervous system disorders
Headache	5	6
Dizziness	1	5
Somnolence	1	3
Psychiatric disorders
Anxiety	3	4
Depression	1	3
Aggression	1	2
Renal and urinary disorders
Urinary incontinence	1	2
Vascular disorders
Hypertension	2	4
Hypotension	1	2

Seizure

Memantine has not been systematically evaluated in patients with a seizure disorder. In clinical trials of memantine, seizures occurred in 0.3% of patients treated with memantine and 0.6% of patients treated with placebo.

Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of memantine.

Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. These reactions include:

Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: agranulocytosis, leukopenia (including neutropenia), pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Cardiac Disorders: cardiac failure congestive.

Gastrointestinal disorders: pancreatitis.

Hepatobiliary Disorders: hepatitis.

Psychiatric Disorders: suicidal ideation.

Renal and Urinary Disorders: acute renal failure (including increased creatinine and renal insufficiency).

Skin Disorders: Stevens Johnson syndrome.

DRUG INTERACTIONS

Drugs That Make The Urine Alkaline

The clearance of memantine was reduced by about 80% under alkaline urine conditions at pH 8. Therefore, alterations of urine pH towards the alkaline condition may lead to an accumulation of the drug with a possible increase in adverse effects. Urine pH is altered by diet, drugs (e.g. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, sodium bicarbonate) and clinical state of the patient (e.g. renal tubular acidosis or severe infections of the urinary tract). Hence, memantine should be used with caution under these conditions.

Use With Other N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) Antagonists

The combined use of NAMENDA XR with other NMDA antagonists (amantadine, ketamine, and dextromethorphan) has not been systematically evaluated and such use should be approached with caution.

WARNINGS

Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.

PRECAUTIONS

Genitourinary Conditions

Conditions that raise urine pH may decrease the urinary elimination of memantine resulting in increased plasma levels of memantine [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Patient Counseling Information

Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information).

• To assure safe and effective use of NAMENDA XR, the information and instructions provided in the patient information section should be discussed with patients and caregivers.
• Instruct patients and caregivers to take NAMENDA XR only once per day, as prescribed.
• Instruct patients and caregivers that NAMENDA XR capsules be swallowed whole. Alternatively, NAMENDA XR capsules may be opened and sprinkled on applesauce and the entire contents should be consumed. The capsules should not be divided, chewed or crushed.
• Warn patients not to use any capsules of NAMENDA XR that are damaged or show signs of tampering.
• If a patient misses a single dose of NAMENDA XR, that patient should not double up on the next dose. The next dose should be taken as scheduled. If a patient fails to take NAMENDA XR for several days, dosing should not be resumed without consulting that patient's healthcare professional.
• Advise patients and caregivers that NAMENDA XR may cause headache, diarrhea, and dizziness.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility

There was no evidence of carcinogenicity in a 113-week oral study in mice at doses up to 40 mg/kg/day (7 times the maximum recommended human dose [MRHD] on a mg/m² basis). There was also no evidence of carcinogenicity in rats orally dosed at up to 40 mg/kg/day for 71 weeks followed by 20 mg/kg/day (14 and 7 times the MRHD on a mg/m² basis, respectively) through 128 weeks.

Memantine produced no evidence of genotoxic potential when evaluated in the in vitro S. typhimurium or E. coli reverse mutation assay, an in vitro chromosomal aberration test in human lymphocytes, an in vivo cytogenetics assay for chromosome damage in rats, and the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. The results were equivocal in an in vitro gene mutation assay using Chinese hamster V79 cells.

No impairment of fertility or reproductive performance was seen in rats administered up to 18 mg/kg/day (6 times the MRHD on a mg/m² basis) orally from 14 days prior to mating through gestation and lactation in females, or for 60 days prior to mating in males.

Use In Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category B

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of memantine in pregnant women. NAMENDA XR should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Memantine given orally to pregnant rats and pregnant rabbits during the period of organogenesis was not teratogenic up to the highest doses tested (18 mg/kg/day in rats and 30 mg/kg/day in rabbits, which are 6 and 21 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose [MRHD] on a mg/m² basis).

Slight maternal toxicity, decreased pup weights and an increased incidence of non-ossified cervical vertebrae were seen at an oral dose of 18 mg/kg/day in a study in which rats were given oral memantine beginning pre-mating and continuing through the postpartum period. Slight maternal toxicity and decreased pup weights were also seen at this dose in a study in which rats were treated from day 15 of gestation through the postpartum period. The no-effect dose for these effects was 6 mg/kg, which is 2 times the MRHD on a mg/m² basis.

Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether memantine is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Namenda XR is administered to a nursing mother.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

Memantine failed to demonstrate efficacy in two 12-week controlled clinical studies of 578 pediatric patients aged 6-12 years with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), including autism Asperger's disorder and Pervasive Development Disorder -Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). Memantine has not been studied in pediatric patients under 6 years of age or over 12 years of age. Memantine treatment was initiated at 3 mg/day and the dose was escalated to the target dose (weight-based) by week 6. Oral doses of memantine 3, 6, 9, or 15 mg extended-release capsules were administered once daily to patients with weights < 20 kg, 20-39 kg, 40-59 kg and ≥ 60 kg, respectively.

In a randomized, 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel study (Study A) in patients with autism, there was no statistically significant difference in the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) total raw score between patients randomized to memantine (n=54) and those randomized to placebo (n=53). In a 12-week responder-enriched randomized withdrawal study (Study B) in 471 patients with ASD, there was no statistically significant difference in the loss of therapeutic response rates between patients randomized to remain on full-dose memantine (n=153) and those randomized to switch to placebo (n=158).

The overall safety profile of memantine in pediatric patients was generally consistent with the known safety profile in adults [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].

In Study A, the adverse reactions in the memantine group (n=56) that were reported in at least 5% of patients and twice that in the placebo group (N=58) are listed in Table 2:

Table 2: Study A Commonly Reported Adverse Reactions With a Frequency ≥ 5% and Twice That in Placebo

Adverse Reaction	Memantine N=56	Placebo N=58
Cough	8.9%	3.4%
Influenza	7.1%	3.4%
Rhinorrhea	5.4%	0%
Agitation	5.4%	1.7%
Discontinuations due to adverse reactionsa
Aggression	3.6%	1.7%
Irritability	1.8%	3.4%
a Reported adverse reactions leading to discontinuation in more than one patient in either treatment group.

The adverse reactions that were reported in at least 5% of patients in the 12-48 week open-label study to identify responders to enroll in Study B are listed in Table 3:

Table 3: 12-48 Week Open Label Lead-In study to Study B Commonly Reported Adverse Reactions With a Frequency ≥ 5%

Adverse Reaction	Memantine N=903
Headache	8.0%
Nasopharyngitis	6.3%
Pyrexia	5.8%
Irritability	5.4%
Discontinuations due to adverse reactionsa
Irritability	1.2%
Aggression	1.0%
a At least 1% incidence of adverse reactions leading to premature discontinuation.

In the randomized withdrawal study (Study B), the adverse reaction in patients randomized to placebo (n=160) and reported in at least 5% of patients and twice that of the full-dose memantine treatment group (n=157) was irritability (5.0% vs 2.5%).

In a juvenile animal study, male and female juvenile rats were administered memantine (15, 30, and 45 mg/kg/day) starting on postnatal day (PND) 14 through PND 70. Body weights were reduced at 45 mg/kg/day. Delays in sexual maturation were noted in male and female rats at doses ≥ 30 mg/kg/day. Memantine induced neuronal lesions in several areas of the brain on PND 15 and 17 at doses ≥ 30 mg/kg/day. Behavioral toxicity (decrease percent of auditory startle habituation) was noted for animals in the 45 mg/kg/day dose group. The 15 mg/kg/day dose was considered the No-ObservedAdverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) for this study.

In a second juvenile rat toxicity study, male and female juvenile rats were administered memantine (1, 3, 8, 15, 30, and 45 mg/kg/day) starting on postnatal day (PND) 7 through PND 70. Due to early memantine-related mortality, the 30 and 45 mg/kg/day dose groups were terminated without further evaluation. Memantine induced apoptosis or neuronal degeneration in several areas of the brain on PND 8, 10, and 17 at a dose of 15 mg/kg/day. The NOAEL for apoptosis and neuronal degeneration was 8 mg/kg/day. Behavioral toxicity (effects on motor activity, auditory startle habituation, and learning and memory) was noted at doses ≥ 3 mg/kg/day during treatment, but was not seen after drug discontinuation. Therefore, the 1 mg/kg/day dose was considered the NOAEL for the neurobehavioral effect in this study.

Geriatric Use

The majority of people with Alzheimer's disease are 65 years and older. In the clinical study of memantine HCl extended-release, the mean age of patients was approximately 77; over 91% of patients were 65 years and older, 67% were 75 years and older, and 14% were at or above 85 years of age. The efficacy and safety data presented in the clinical trials section were obtained from these patients. There were no clinically meaningful differences in most adverse reactions reported by patient groups ≥ 65 years old and < 65 year old.

Renal Impairment

No dosage adjustment is needed in patients with mild or moderate renal impairment. A dosage reduction is recommended in patients with severe renal impairment [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Hepatic Impairment

No dosage adjustment is needed in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Namenda XR was not studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

OVERDOSE

Signs and symptoms most often accompanying overdosage with other formulations of memantine in clinical trials and from worldwide marketing experience, alone or in combination with other drugs and/or alcohol, include agitation, asthenia, bradycardia, confusion, coma, dizziness, ECG changes, increased blood pressure, lethargy, loss of consciousness, psychosis, restlessness, slowed movement, somnolence, stupor, unsteady gait, visual hallucinations, vertigo, vomiting, and weakness. The largest known ingestion of memantine worldwide was 2 grams in an individual who took memantine in conjunction with unspecified antidiabetic medications. This person experienced coma, diplopia, and agitation, but subsequently recovered.

One patient participating in a NAMENDA XR clinical trial unintentionally took 112 mg of NAMENDA XR daily for 31 days and experienced an elevated serum uric acid, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, and low platelet count. Fatal outcome has been very rarely been reported with memantine, and the relationship to memantine was unclear.

Because strategies for the management of overdose are continually evolving, it is advisable to contact a poison control center to determine the latest recommendations for the management of an overdose of any drug. As in any cases of overdose, general supportive measures should be utilized, and treatment should be symptomatic.

Elimination of memantine can be enhanced by acidification of urine.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

NAMENDA XR is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to memantine hydrochloride or to any excipients used in the formulation.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Mechanism Of Action

Persistent activation of central nervous system N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors by the excitatory amino acid glutamate has been hypothesized to contribute to the symptomatology of Alzheimer's disease. Memantine is postulated to exert its therapeutic effect through its action as a low to moderate affinity uncompetitive (open-channel) NMDA receptor antagonist which binds preferentially to the NMDA receptor-operated cation channels. There is no evidence that memantine prevents or slows neurodegeneration in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Pharmacodynamics

Memantine showed low to negligible affinity for GABA, benzodiazepine, dopamine, adrenergic, histamine and glycine receptors and for voltage-dependent Ca²⁺, Na+, or K⁺ channels. Memantine also showed antagonistic effects at the 5HT3 receptor with a potency similar to that for the NMDA receptor and blocked nicotinic acetylcholine receptors with one-sixth to one-tenth the potency.

In vitro studies have shown that memantine does not affect the reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by donepezil, galantamine, or tacrine.

Pharmacokinetics

Memantine is well absorbed after oral administration and has linear pharmacokinetics over the therapeutic dose range. It is excreted predominantly unchanged in urine and has a terminal elimination half-life of about 60-80 hours. In a study comparing 28 mg once daily NAMENDA XR to 10 mg twice daily NAMENDA, the Cmax and AUC0-24 values were 48% and 33% higher for the XR dosage regimen, respectively.

Absorption

After multiple dose administration of NAMENDA XR, memantine peak concentrations occur around 9-12 hours post-dose. There is no difference in the absorption of NAMENDA XR when the capsule is taken intact or when the contents are sprinkled on applesauce.

There is no difference in memantine exposure, based on Cmax or AUC, for NAMENDA XR whether that drug product is administered with food or on an empty stomach. However, peak plasma concentrations are achieved about 18 hours after administration with food versus approximately 25 hours after administration on an empty stomach.

Distribution

The mean volume of distribution of memantine is 9-11 L/kg and the plasma protein binding is low (45%).

Metabolism

Memantine undergoes partial hepatic metabolism. The hepatic microsomal CYP450 enzyme system does not play a significant role in the metabolism of memantine.

Elimination

Memantine is excreted predominantly in the urine, unchanged, and has a terminal elimination half-life of about 60-80 hours. About 48% of administered drug is excreted unchanged in urine; the remainder is converted primarily to three polar metabolites which possess minimal NMDA receptor antagonistic activity: the N-glucuronide conjugate, 6hydroxy memantine, and 1-nitroso-deaminated memantine. A total of 74% of the administered dose is excreted as the sum of the parent drug and the N-glucuronide conjugate. Renal clearance involves active tubular secretion moderated by pH dependent tubular reabsorption.

Specific Populations

Elderly

The pharmacokinetics of memantine in young and elderly subjects are similar.

Gender

Following multiple dose administration of memantine HCl 20 mg daily, females had about 45% higher exposure than males, but there was no difference in exposure when body weight was taken into account.

Renal Impairment

Memantine pharmacokinetics were evaluated following single oral administration of 20 mg memantine HCl in 8 subjects with mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance, CLcr, > 50 – 80 mL/min), 8 subjects with moderate renal impairment (CLcr 30 – 49 mL/min), 7 subjects with severe renal impairment (CLcr 5 – 29 mL/min) and 8 healthy subjects (CLcr > 80 mL/min) matched as closely as possible by age, weight and gender to the subjects with renal impairment. Mean AUC0-∞ increased by 4%, 60%, and 115% in subjects with mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment, respectively, compared to healthy subjects. The terminal elimination half-life increased by 18%, 41%, and 95% in subjects with mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment, respectively, compared to healthy subjects.

Hepatic Impairment

Memantine pharmacokinetics were evaluated following the administration of single oral doses of 20 mg in 8 subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B, score 7-9) and 8 subjects who were age-, gender-, and weight-matched to the hepaticallyimpaired subjects. There was no change in memantine exposure (based on Cmax and AUC) in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment as compared with healthy subjects. However, terminal elimination half-life increased by about 16% in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment as compared with healthy subjects.

Drug-Drug Interactions

Use with Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Coadministration of memantine with the AChE inhibitor donepezil HCl did not affect the pharmacokinetics of either compound. Furthermore, memantine did not affect AChE inhibition by donepezil. In a 24-week controlled clinical study in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease, the adverse reaction profile observed with a combination of memantine immediate-release and donepezil was similar to that of donepezil alone.

Effect of Memantine on the Metabolism of Other Drugs

In vitro studies conducted with marker substrates of CYP450 enzymes (CYP1A2, -2A6, 2C9, -2D6, -2E1, -3A4) showed minimal inhibition of these enzymes by memantine. In addition, in vitro studies indicate that at concentrations exceeding those associated with efficacy, memantine does not induce the cytochrome P450 isozymes CYP1A2, -2C9, 2E1 and -3A4/5. No pharmacokinetic interactions with drugs metabolized by these enzymes are expected.

Pharmacokinetic studies evaluated the potential of memantine for interaction with warfarin and bupropion. Memantine did not affect the pharmacokinetics of the CYP2B6 substrate bupropion or its metabolite hydroxybupropion. Furthermore, memantine did not affect the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of warfarin as assessed by the prothrombin INR.

Effect of Other Drugs on Memantine

Memantine is predominantly renally eliminated, and drugs that are substrates and/or inhibitors of the CYP450 system are not expected to alter the metabolism of memantine.

Drugs Eliminated via Renal Mechanisms

Because memantine is eliminated in part by tubular secretion, coadministration of drugs that use the same renal cationic system, including hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), triamterene (TA), metformin, cimetidine, ranitidine, quinidine, and nicotine, could potentially result in altered plasma levels of both agents. However, coadministration of memantine and HCTZ/TA did not affect the bioavailability of either memantine or TA, and the bioavailability of HCTZ decreased by 20%. In addition, coadministration of memantine with the antihyperglycemic drug Glucovance (glyburide and metformin HCl) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of memantine, metformin and glyburide. Furthermore, memantine did not modify the serum glucose lowering effect of Glucovance, indicating the absence of a pharmacodynamic interaction.

Drugs Highly Bound to Plasma Proteins

Because the plasma protein binding of memantine is low (45%), an interaction with drugs that are highly bound to plasma proteins, such as warfarin and digoxin, is unlikely.

Animal Toxicology And /Or Pharmacology

Memantine induced neuronal lesions (vacuolation and necrosis) in the multipolar and pyramidal cells in cortical layers III and IV of the posterior cingulate and retrosplenial neocortices in rats, similar to those which are known to occur in rodents administered other NMDA receptor antagonists. Lesions were seen after a single dose of memantine. In a study in which rats were given daily oral doses of memantine for 14 days, the no-effect dose for neuronal necrosis was 4 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD of 28 mg/day) on a mg/m² basis.

In acute and repeat-dose neurotoxicity studies in female rats, oral administration of memantine and donepezil in combination resulted in increased incidence, severity, and distribution of neurodegeneration compared with memantine alone. The no-effect levels of the combination were associated with clinically relevant plasma memantine and donepezil exposures.

The relevance of these findings to humans is unknown.

Clinical Studies

The effectiveness of NAMENDA XR as a treatment for patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease was based on the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

24-week Study of NAMENDA XR Capsules

This was a randomized double-blind clinical investigation in outpatients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (diagnosed by DSM-IV criteria and NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for AD with a Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≥ 3 and ≤ 14 at

Screening and Baseline) receiving acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) therapy at a stable dose for 3 months prior to screening. The mean age of patients participating in this trial was 76.5 years with a range of 49-97 years. Approximately 72% of patients were female and 94% were Caucasian.

Study Outcome Measures

The effectiveness of NAMENDA XR was evaluated in this study using the co-primary efficacy parameters of Severe Impairment Battery (SIB) and the Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Change (CIBIC-Plus).

The ability of NAMENDA XR to improve cognitive performance was assessed with the Severe Impairment Battery (SIB), a multi-item instrument that has been validated for the evaluation of cognitive function in patients with moderate to severe dementia. The SIB examines selected aspects of cognitive performance, including elements of attention, orientation, language, memory, visuospatial ability, construction, praxis, and social interaction. The SIB scoring range is from 0 to 100, with lower scores indicating greater cognitive impairment.

The ability of NAMENDA XR to produce an overall clinical effect was assessed using a Clinician's Interview Based Impression of Change that required the use of caregiver information, the CIBIC-Plus. The CIBIC-Plus is not a single instrument and is not a standardized instrument like the ADCS-ADL or SIB. Clinical trials for investigational drugs have used a variety of CIBIC formats, each different in terms of depth and structure. As such, results from a CIBIC-Plus reflect clinical experience from the trial or trials in which it was used and cannot be compared directly with the results of CIBIC-Plus evaluations from other clinical trials. The CIBIC-Plus used in this trial was a structured instrument based on a comprehensive evaluation at baseline and subsequent time-points of four domains: general (overall clinical status), functional (including activities of daily living), cognitive, and behavioral. It represents the assessment of a skilled clinician using validated scales based on his/her observation during an interview with the patient, in combination with information supplied by a caregiver familiar with the behavior of the patient over the interval rated. The CIBIC-Plus is scored as a seven point categorical rating, ranging from a score of 1, indicating “marked improvement” to a score of 4, indicating “no change” to a score of 7, indicating “marked worsening.” The CIBIC-Plus has not been systematically compared directly to assessments not using information from caregivers (CIBIC) or other global methods.

Study Results

In this study, 677 patients were randomized to one of the following 2 treatments: NAMENDA XR 28 mg/day or placebo while still receiving an AChEI (either donepezil, galantamine, or rivastigmine).

Effects on Severe Impairment Battery (SIB)

Figure 1 shows the time course for the change from baseline in SIB score for the two treatment groups completing the 24 weeks of the study. At 24 weeks of treatment, the mean difference in the SIB change scores for the NAMENDA XR 28 mg/AChEI-treated (combination therapy) patients compared to the patients on placebo/AChEI (monotherapy) was 2.6 units. Using an LOCF analysis, NAMENDA XR 28 mg/AChEI treatment was statistically significantly superior to placebo/AChEI.

Figure 1: Time course of the change from baseline in SIB score for patients completing 24 weeks of treatment.

Figure 2 shows the cumulative percentages of patients from each treatment group who had attained at least the measure of improvement in SIB score shown on the X axis. The curves show that both patients assigned to NAMENDA XR 28 mg/AChEI and placebo/AChEI have a wide range of responses, but that the NAMENDA XR 28 mg/AChEI group is more likely to show an improvement or a smaller decline.

Figure 2: Cumulative percentage of patients completing 24 weeks of double-blind treatment with specified changes from baseline in SIB scores.

Figure 3 shows the time course for the CIBIC-Plus score for patients in the two treatment groups completing the 24 weeks of the study. At 24 weeks of treatment, the mean difference in the CIBIC-Plus scores for the NAMENDA XR 28 mg/AChEI-treated patients compared to the patients on placebo/AChEI was 0.3 units. Using an LOCF analysis, NAMENDA XR 28 mg/AChEI treatment was statistically significantly superior to placebo/AChEI.

Figure 3: Time course of the CIBIC-Plus score for patients completing 24 weeks of treatment.

Figure 4 is a histogram of the percentage distribution of CIBIC-Plus scores attained by patients assigned to each of the treatment groups who completed 24 weeks of treatment.

Figure 4: Distribution of CIBIC-Plus ratings at week 24.

PATIENT INFORMATION

NAMENDA XR
[Nuh-MEN-dah Eks-Are]
(memantine hydrochloride) Extended-Release Capsules

Read this Patient Information that comes with NAMENDA XR before you start taking it and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking to your doctor about your medical condition or your treatment.

What is NAMENDA XR?

NAMENDA XR is a prescription medicine used for the treatment of moderate to severe dementia in people with Alzheimer's disease. NAMENDA XR belongs to a class of medicines called NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) inhibitors.

It is not known if NAMENDA XR is safe and effective in children.

Who should not take NAMENDA XR?

Do not take NAMENDA XR if you are allergic to memantine or any of the other ingredients in NAMENDA XR. See the end of this leaflet for a complete list of ingredients in NAMENDA XR.

What should I tell my doctor before taking NAMENDA XR?

Before you take NAMENDA XR, tell your doctor if you:

• have or have had seizures
• have or have had problems passing urine
• have or have had bladder or kidney problems
• have liver problems
• have any other medical conditions
• are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if NAMENDA XR will harm your unborn baby.
• are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if NAMENDA XR passes into your breast milk. You and your doctor should decide if you will take NAMENDA XR or breastfeed.

Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take, including prescription and nonprescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.

Taking NAMENDA XR with certain other medicines may affect each other. Taking NAMENDA XR with other medicines can cause serious side effects.

Especially tell your doctor if you take:

• other NMDA antagonists such as amantadine, ketamine, and dextromethorphan
• medicines that make your urine alkaline such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and sodium bicarbonate

Ask your doctor or pharmacist for a list of these medicines, if you are not sure.

Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show your doctor and pharmacist when you get a new medicine.

How should I take NAMENDA XR?

• Your doctor will tell you how much NAMENDA XR to take and when to take it.
• Your doctor may change your dose if needed.
• NAMENDA XR may be taken with food or without food.
• NAMENDA XR capsules may be opened and sprinkled on applesauce before swallowing, but the contents of the entire capsule should be taken and the dose should not be divided. Except when opened and sprinkled on applesauce, NAMENDA XR capsules must be swallowed whole and never crushed, divided or chewed.
• Do not use any capsules of NAMENDA XR that are damaged or show signs of tampering.
• If you are currently taking another formulation of memantine, talk to your healthcare professional about how to switch to NAMENDA XR.
• If you forget to take one dose of NAMENDA XR, do not double up on the next dose. You should take only the next dose as scheduled.
• If you have forgotten to take NAMENDA XR for several days, you should not take the next dose until you talk to your doctor.
• If you take too much NAMENDA XR, call your doctor or poison control center at 1800-222-1222 right away, or go to the nearest hospital emergency room.

What are the possible side effects of NAMENDA XR?

NAMENDA XR may cause side effects, including:

The most common side effects of NAMENDA XR include:

• headache
• diarrhea
• dizziness

These are not all the possible side effects of NAMENDA XR. For more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

How should I store NAMENDA XR?

• Store NAMENDA XR at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C).

What are the ingredients in NAMENDA XR?

Active ingredient: memantine hydrochloride Inactive ingredients: sugar spheres, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hypromellose, talc,

polyethylene glycol, ethylcellulose, ammonium hydroxide, oleic acid, and medium chain triglycerides

Keep NAMENDA XR and all medicines out of the reach of children.

General information about the safe and effective use of NAMENDA XR:

Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information leaflet. Do not take NAMENDA XR for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give NAMENDA XR to other people, even if they have the same condition. It may harm them.

This Patient Information leaflet summarizes the most important information about NAMENDA XR. If you would like more information, talk with your doctor. You can ask your doctor or pharmacist for information about NAMENDA XR that was written for healthcare professionals.

For more information about NAMENDA XR, go to www.namendaxr.com, or call Forest Laboratories, Inc. at 1-800-678-1605.

This Patient Information has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.