Ephedrine Generic Name: ephedrine Brand Name: Ephedrine Drug Class: Alpha/Beta Adrenergic Agonists, Decongestant/Expectorant Combos side effects drug center ephedrine (ephedrine) drug Related Drugs Clorotekal Health Resources Narcolepsy (Definition, Symptoms, Treatment, Medication) Related Supplements Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (Ghb) PROFESSIONAL SIDE EFFECTS Contents Drug Description Indications Dosage Side Effects Drug Interactions Warnings & Precautions Overdosage & Contraindications Clinical Pharmacology Medication Guide Drug Description What is Ephedrine and how is it used?Ephedrine is a prescription medicine used to treat the symptoms of low blood pressure during anesthesia (Hypotension). Ephedrine may be used alone or with other medications.Ephedrine belongs to a class of drugs called Alpha/Beta Adrenergic Agonists.It is not known if Ephedrine is safe and effective in children.What are the possible side effects of Ephedrine?Ephedrine may cause serious side effects including:chest pain, andirregular heartbeatsGet medical help right away, if you have any of the symptoms listed above.The most common side effects of Ephedrine include:nervousness,anxiety,dizziness,spinning sensation (vertigo),headache,nausea,loss of appetite,trouble sleeping,fast heart rate,pounding heartbeats,sweating,vomiting,weight loss, anddifficult or painful urinationTell the doctor if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.These are not all the possible side effects of Ephedrine. For more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist.Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.For IM, IV or SC Use 50 mg/mL pH 4.5 - 7.0/p> DESCRIPTIONEphedrine Sulfate Injection, USP is a sterile solution of 50 mg ephedrine sulfate in water for injection.Ephedrine occurs as fine, white, odorless crystals or powder and darkens on exposure to light. It is freely soluble in water and sparingly soluble in alcohol.The chemical name for ephedrine sulfate is (C10H15NO)2•H2SO4 benzenemethanol α - [1 - (methylamino) ethyl] - sulfate (2:1) (salt). Its molecular weight is 428.54.The structural formula is: Indications INDICATIONS Ephedrine Sulfate Injection, USP is indicated in the treatment of allergic disorders, such as bronchial asthma. The drug has long been used as a pressor agent, particularly during spinal anesthesia when hypotension frequently occurs. In Stokes-Adams syndrome with complete heart block, ephedrine has a value similar to that of epinephrine. It is indicated as a central nervous system stimulant in narcolepsy and depressive states. It is also used in myasthenia gravis. Dosage DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Adults The usual parenteral dose is 25 to 50 mg given subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Intravenously, 5 to 25 mg may be administered slowly, repeated in 5 to 10 minutes, if necessary. Children The usual subcutaneous or intramuscular dose is 0.5 mg/kg of body weight or 16.7 mg/square meter of body surface every 4 to 6 hours. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. HOW SUPPLIED Ephedrine Sulfate Injection, USP, 50 mg/mL, 1 mL per vial, NDC 55390-875-01 Packed 25 vials per carton. Protect from light. Manufactured for: Bedford Laboratories™ Bedford, OH 44146. Manufactured by: Ben Venue Laboratories Inc. Bedford, OH 44146. Revised 10/01. Side Effects SIDE EFFECTS With large doses of ephedrine sulfate most patients will experience nervousness, insomnia, vertigo, headache, tachycardia, palpitation and sweating. Some patients have nausea, vomiting and anorexia. Vesical sphincter spasm may occur and result in difficult and painful urination. Urinary retention may develop in males with prostatism. Precordial pain and cardiac arrhythmias may occur following administration of Ephedrine Sulfate Injection, USP. Drug Abuse And Dependence Prolonged abuse of Ephedrine Sulfate Injection, USP can lead to symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia. When this occurs, patients exhibit such physical signs as tachycardia, poor nutrition and hygiene, fever, cold sweat and dilated pupils. Some measure of tolerance may develop with prolonged or excessive use but addiction does not occur. Temporary cessation of medication and subsequent readministration restores its effectiveness. Drug Interactions DRUG INTERACTIONS Concurrent use of ephedrine sulfate with general anesthetics, especially cyclopropane or halogenated hydrocarbons or digitalis glycosides may cause cardiac arrhythmias, since these medications may sensitize the myocardium to the effects of ephedrine sulfate. Therapeutic doses of ephedrine sulfate can inhibit the hypotensive effect of guanethidine, bethanidine, and debrisoquin by displacing the adrenergic blockers from their site of action in the sympathetic neurons. The effect in man is seen as a relative or a complete blockade of the antihypertensive drug by a sudden rise in blood pressure. Concomitant use of Ephedrine Sulfate Injection, USP and oxytocics may cause severe hypotension. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors may potentiate the pressor effect of ephedrine sulfate, possibly resulting in a hypertensive crisis. Ephedrine Sulfate Injection, USP should not be administered during or within 14 days following the administration of MAO inhibitors. Warnings & Precautions WARNINGS No information provided. PRECAUTIONS General Special care should be used when administering Ephedrine Sulfate Injection, USP to patients with heart disease, angina pectoris, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, prostatic hypertrophy or hypertension and to patients receiving digitalis. Prolonged use may produce a syndrome resembling an anxiety state. Tolerance to ephedrine sulfate may develop, but temporary discontinuance to the drug restores its original effectiveness. Pregnancy Category C Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Ephedrine Sulfate Injection, USP. Also, it is not known whether the drug can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Ephedrine Sulfate Injection, USP should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly indicated. It is not known what effect Ephedrine Sulfate Injection, USP may have on the newborn or on the child's later growth and development when the drug is administered to the mother just before or during labor. Nursing Mothers Ephedrine sulfate is excreted in breast milk. Use by nursing mothers is not recommended because of the higher than usual risk for infants. Overdosage & Contraindications OVERDOSE Symptoms The principal manifestation of ephedrine sulfate poisoning is convulsions. In acute poisoning the following signs and symptoms may occur: nausea, vomiting, chills, cyanosis, irritability, nervousness, fever, suicidal behavior, tachycardia, dilated pupils, blurred vision, opisthotonos, spasms, convulsions, pulmonary edema, gasping respirations, coma and respiratory failure. Initially, the patient may have hypertension, followed later by hypotension accompanied by anuria. Treatment If respirations are shallow or cyanosis is present, artificial respiration should be administered. Vasopressors are contraindicated. In cardiovascular collapse blood pressure should be maintained. Antidote For hypertension, 5 mg phentolamine mesylate diluted in saline may be administered slowly intravenously, or 100 mg may be given orally. Convulsions may be controlled by diazepam or paraldehyde. Cool applications and dexamethasone 1 mg/kg, administered slowly intravenously, may control pyrexia. CONTRAINDICATIONS Allergic reactions to ephedrine sulfate are rare. The hypersensitivity, if known, is a specific contraindication. Patients hypersensitive to other sympathomimetics may also be hypersensitive to ephedrine sulfate. Clinical Pharmacology CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Ephedrine sulfate is a potent sympathomimetic that stimulates both α and β receptors and has clinical uses related to both actions. Its peripheral actions, which it owes in part to the release of norepinephrine, simulate responses that are obtained when adrenergic nerves are stimulated. These include an increase in blood pressure, stimulation of heart muscle, constriction of arterioles, relaxation of the smooth muscle of the bronchi and gastrointestinal tract, and dilation of the pupils. In the bladder, relaxation of the detrusor muscle is not prominent, but the tone of the trigone and vesicle sphincter is increased. Ephedrine sulfate also has a potent effect on the CNS. It stimulates the cerebral cortex and subcortical centers, which accounts for its use in narcolepsy. The cardiovascular responses reported in man include moderate tachycardia, unchanged or augmented stroke volume, enhanced cardiac output, variable alterations in peripheral resistance and usually a rise in blood pressure. The action of ephedrine is more prominent on the heart than on the blood vessels. Ephedrine sulfate increases the flow of coronary, cerebral and muscle blood. In patients with myasthenia gravis, administration of Ephedrine Sulfate Injection, USP produces a real but modest increase in motor power. The exact mechanism by which ephedrine sulfate affects skeletal muscle contractions is unknown. Medication Guide PATIENT INFORMATION No information provided. Please refer to the PRECAUTIONS section.
